Register allocation in the SPUR Lisp compiler
SIGPLAN '86 Proceedings of the 1986 SIGPLAN symposium on Compiler construction
Minimizing register usage penalty at procedure calls
PLDI '88 Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN 1988 conference on Programming Language design and Implementation
Global optimization by suppression of partial redundancies
Communications of the ACM
Register allocation via usage counts
Communications of the ACM
Reduced register saving/restoring in single-window register files
ACM SIGARCH Computer Architecture News
Register allocation by priority-based coloring
SIGPLAN '84 Proceedings of the 1984 SIGPLAN symposium on Compiler construction
Flow Analysis of Computer Programs
Flow Analysis of Computer Programs
An overview of the PL.8 compiler
SIGPLAN '82 Proceedings of the 1982 SIGPLAN symposium on Compiler construction
Register allocation & spilling via graph coloring
SIGPLAN '82 Proceedings of the 1982 SIGPLAN symposium on Compiler construction
A portable machine-independent global optimizer--design and measurements
A portable machine-independent global optimizer--design and measurements
Efficiently computing static single assignment form and the control dependence graph
ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems (TOPLAS)
ACM Letters on Programming Languages and Systems (LOPLAS)
Probabilistic register allocation
PLDI '92 Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN 1992 conference on Programming language design and implementation
PLDI '92 Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN 1992 conference on Programming language design and implementation
Reducing memory latency via non-blocking and prefetching caches
ASPLOS V Proceedings of the fifth international conference on Architectural support for programming languages and operating systems
Load/store range analysis for global register allocation
PLDI '93 Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN 1993 conference on Programming language design and implementation
Evicted variables and the interaction of global register allocation and symbolic debugging
POPL '93 Proceedings of the 20th ACM SIGPLAN-SIGACT symposium on Principles of programming languages
Improvements to graph coloring register allocation
ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems (TOPLAS)
Memory access coalescing: a technique for eliminating redundant memory accesses
PLDI '94 Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN 1994 conference on Programming language design and implementation
PLDI '94 Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN 1994 conference on Programming language design and implementation
Optimal local register allocation for a multiple-issue machine
ICS '94 Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Supercomputing
Simple compiler algorithms to reduce ownership overhead in cache coherence protocols
ASPLOS VI Proceedings of the sixth international conference on Architectural support for programming languages and operating systems
Compiler transformations for high-performance computing
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
Obtaining sequential efficiency for concurrent object-oriented languages
POPL '95 Proceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGPLAN-SIGACT symposium on Principles of programming languages
Register allocation using lazy saves, eager restores, and greedy shuffling
PLDI '95 Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN 1995 conference on Programming language design and implementation
Abstract interpretation and low-level code optimization
PEPM '95 Proceedings of the 1995 ACM SIGPLAN symposium on Partial evaluation and semantics-based program manipulation
Optimal register assignment to loops for embedded code generation
ISSS '95 Proceedings of the 8th international symposium on System synthesis
Register allocation sensitive region scheduling
PACT '95 Proceedings of the IFIP WG10.3 working conference on Parallel architectures and compilation techniques
Region-based compilation: an introduction and motivation
Proceedings of the 28th annual international symposium on Microarchitecture
Proceedings of the 28th annual international symposium on Microarchitecture
Real-time scheduling of multimedia data retrieval to minimize buffer requirement
ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review
Optimal register assignment to loops for embedded code generation
ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems (TODAES)
Using dataflow analysis techniques to reduce ownership overhead in cache coherence protocols
ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems (TOPLAS)
Demand-driven register allocation
ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems (TOPLAS)
Code reuse in an optimizing compiler
Proceedings of the 11th ACM SIGPLAN conference on Object-oriented programming, systems, languages, and applications
hcc—a portable ANSI C compiler (with a code generator for the PowerPCs)
ACM SIGPLAN Notices
Global predicate analysis and its application to register allocation
Proceedings of the 29th annual ACM/IEEE international symposium on Microarchitecture
Spill code minimization via interference region spilling
Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN 1997 conference on Programming language design and implementation
Call-cost directed register allocation
Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN 1997 conference on Programming language design and implementation
Low energy memory and register allocation using network flow
DAC '97 Proceedings of the 34th annual Design Automation Conference
Register promotion by sparse partial redundancy elimination of loads and stores
PLDI '98 Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN 1998 conference on Programming language design and implementation
Fast, effective code generation in a just-in-time Java compiler
PLDI '98 Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN 1998 conference on Programming language design and implementation
Experiences with Cooperating Register Allocation and Instruction Scheduling
International Journal of Parallel Programming
Decoupling local variable accesses in a wide-issue superscalar processor
ISCA '99 Proceedings of the 26th annual international symposium on Computer architecture
Using node merging to enhance graph coloring
Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN 1999 conference on Programming language design and implementation
Java annotation-aware just-in-time (AJIT) complilation system
JAVA '99 Proceedings of the ACM 1999 conference on Java Grande
Register allocation in structured programs
Proceedings of the sixth annual ACM-SIAM symposium on Discrete algorithms
Global register allocation for minimizing energy consumption
ISLPED '99 Proceedings of the 1999 international symposium on Low power electronics and design
Achieving efficient register allocation via parallelism
SAC '95 Proceedings of the 1995 ACM symposium on Applied computing
Look-ahead allocation in the presence of branches
SAC '97 Proceedings of the 1997 ACM symposium on Applied computing
Fusion-based register allocation
ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems (TOPLAS)
Optimal spilling for CISC machines with few registers
Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN 2001 conference on Programming language design and implementation
Some comments on “the priority-based coloring approach to register allocation”
ACM SIGPLAN Notices
Multi-agent oriented constraint satisfaction
Artificial Intelligence
Efficient global register allocation for minimizing energy consumption
ACM SIGPLAN Notices
Preference-directed graph coloring
PLDI '02 Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN 2002 Conference on Programming language design and implementation
Global array reference allocation
ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems (TODAES)
Embedded software in real-time signal processing systems: design technologies
Readings in hardware/software co-design
IEEE Transactions on Computers
Run-Time Support to Register Allocation for Loop Parallelization of Image Processing Programs
HPCN Europe 2000 Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on High-Performance Computing and Networking
Minimum Register Instruction Sequence Problem: Revisiting Optimal Code Generation for DAGs
IPDPS '01 Proceedings of the 15th International Parallel & Distributed Processing Symposium
Copy Elimination for Parallelizing Compilers
LCPC '98 Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Languages and Compilers for Parallel Computing
Integrated Instruction Scheduling and Register Allocation Techniques
LCPC '98 Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Languages and Compilers for Parallel Computing
A Framework for Enhancing Code Quality in Limited Register Set Embedded Processors
LCTES '00 Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN Workshop on Languages, Compilers, and Tools for Embedded Systems
Array Reference Allocation Using SSA-Form and Live Range Growth
LCTES '00 Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN Workshop on Languages, Compilers, and Tools for Embedded Systems
Optimal Live Range Merge for Address Register Allocation in Embedded Programs
CC '01 Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Compiler Construction
Linear Scan Register Allocation in the Context of SSA Form and Register Constraints
CC '02 Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Compiler Construction
Cross-Architectural Performance Portability of a Java Virtual Machine Implementation
Proceedings of the 2nd Java Virtual Machine Research and Technology Symposium
A Framework for Efficient Register Allocation through Selective Register Demotion
LCR '00 Selected Papers from the 5th International Workshop on Languages, Compilers, and Run-Time Systems for Scalable Computers
A faster optimal register allocator
Proceedings of the 35th annual ACM/IEEE international symposium on Microarchitecture
Speculative register promotion using Advanced Load Address Table (ALAT)
Proceedings of the international symposium on Code generation and optimization: feedback-directed and runtime optimization
Meta optimization: improving compiler heuristics with machine learning
PLDI '03 Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN 2003 conference on Programming language design and implementation
Integrated temporal and spatial scheduling for extended operand clustered VLIW processors
Proceedings of the 1st conference on Computing frontiers
Register allocation by priority-based coloring
ACM SIGPLAN Notices - Best of PLDI 1979-1999
Balancing register allocation across threads for a multithreaded network processor
Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN 2004 conference on Programming language design and implementation
Hardware-managed register allocation for embedded processors
Proceedings of the 2004 ACM SIGPLAN/SIGBED conference on Languages, compilers, and tools for embedded systems
Overview of the IBM Java just-in-time compiler
IBM Systems Journal
Optimistic register coalescing
ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems (TOPLAS)
Binary translation to improve energy efficiency through post-pass register re-allocation
Proceedings of the 4th ACM international conference on Embedded software
A fast, memory-efficient register allocation framework for embedded systems
ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems (TOPLAS)
Memory Coloring: A Compiler Approach for Scratchpad Memory Management
Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Parallel Architectures and Compilation Techniques
A spill code minimization technique: application in the metrowerks starcore C compiler
International Journal of Parallel Programming
Post Register Allocation Spill Code Optimization
Proceedings of the International Symposium on Code Generation and Optimization
A survey of local search methods for graph coloring
Computers and Operations Research - Anniversary focused issue of computers & operations research on tabu search
Tool support for iterative software process modeling
Information and Software Technology
Exploiting hierarchy and structure to efficiently solve graph coloring as SAT
Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE/ACM international conference on Computer-aided design
Exploiting idle register classes for fast spill destination
Proceedings of the 22nd annual international conference on Supercomputing
Optimizing scientific application loops on stream processors
Proceedings of the 2008 ACM SIGPLAN-SIGBED conference on Languages, compilers, and tools for embedded systems
Interprocedural Speculative Optimization of Memory Accesses to Global Variables
Euro-Par '08 Proceedings of the 14th international Euro-Par conference on Parallel Processing
Register Bank Assignment for Spatially Partitioned Processors
Languages and Compilers for Parallel Computing
Proceedings of the 14th ACM SIGPLAN symposium on Principles and practice of parallel programming
Thermal-aware post compilation for VLIW architectures
Proceedings of the 2009 Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference
Live-range unsplitting for faster optimal coalescing
Proceedings of the 2009 ACM SIGPLAN/SIGBED conference on Languages, compilers, and tools for embedded systems
Compiler-directed scratchpad memory management via graph coloring
ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization (TACO)
SRF coloring: stream register file allocation via graph coloring
Journal of Computer Science and Technology
Progressive spill code placement
CASES '09 Proceedings of the 2009 international conference on Compilers, architecture, and synthesis for embedded systems
Proceedings of the 42nd Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture
Detecting bugs in register allocation
ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems (TOPLAS)
On minimizing register usage of linearly scheduled algorithms with uniform dependencies
Computer Languages, Systems and Structures
Interacting code motion transformations: their impact and their complexity
Interacting code motion transformations: their impact and their complexity
Genetic programming applied to compiler heuristic optimization
EuroGP'03 Proceedings of the 6th European conference on Genetic programming
Combined code motion and register allocation using the value state dependence graph
CC'03 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Compiler construction
Solving graph coloring problems using learning automata
EvoCOP'08 Proceedings of the 8th European conference on Evolutionary computation in combinatorial optimization
Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Software & Compilers for Embedded Systems
Two hybrid ant algorithms for the general T-colouring problem
International Journal of Bio-Inspired Computation
Scratchpad memory allocation for data aggregates via interval coloring in superperfect graphs
ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems (TECS)
MTPSO algorithm for solving planar graph coloring problem
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
Graph-coloring and treescan register allocation using repairing
CASES '11 Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Compilers, architectures and synthesis for embedded systems
A new DSATUR-based algorithm for exact vertex coloring
Computers and Operations Research
Catching and identifying bugs in register allocation
SAS'06 Proceedings of the 13th international conference on Static Analysis
Cooperative instruction scheduling with linear scan register allocation
HiPC'05 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on High Performance Computing
Single and multiple device DSA problems, complexities and online algorithms
Theoretical Computer Science
Fine-grain stacked register allocation for the itanium architecture
LCPC'02 Proceedings of the 15th international conference on Languages and Compilers for Parallel Computing
A register allocation framework for banked register files with access constraints
ACSAC'05 Proceedings of the 10th Asia-Pacific conference on Advances in Computer Systems Architecture
Register allocation for programs in SSA-Form
CC'06 Proceedings of the 15th international conference on Compiler Construction
An exact approach for the Vertex Coloring Problem
Discrete Optimization
Note: Quantum annealing of the graph coloring problem
Discrete Optimization
A New Ant Colony Optimization Algorithm for the Lower Bound of Sum Coloring Problem
Journal of Mathematical Modelling and Algorithms
Discrete Applied Mathematics
Graph 3-coloring with a hybrid self-adaptive evolutionary algorithm
Computational Optimization and Applications
ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems (TECS)
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Global register allocation plays a major role in determining the efficacy of an optimizing compiler. Graph coloring has been used as the central paradigm for register allocation in modern compilers. A straightforward coloring approach can suffer from several shortcomings. These shortcomings are addressed in this paper by coloring the graph using a priority ordering. A natural method for dealing with the spilling emerges from this approach. The detailed algorithms for a priority-based coloring approach are presented and are contrasted with the basic graph-coloring algorithm. Various extensions to the basic algorithms are also presented. Measurements of large programs are used to determine the effectiveness of the algorithm and its extensions, as well as the causes of an imperfect allocation. Running time of the allocator and the impact of heuristics aimed at reducing that time are also measured.