Least-Squares Fitting of Two 3-D Point Sets
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Tracking and data association
Image and Vision Computing - Special issue on the first ECCV 1990
Fitting Parameterized Three-Dimensional Models to Images
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Visual tracking of known three-dimensional objects
International Journal of Computer Vision
Feature extraction from faces using deformable templates
International Journal of Computer Vision
Robust model-based motion tracking through the integration of search and estimation
International Journal of Computer Vision
Shape and motion from image streams under orthography: a factorization method
International Journal of Computer Vision
Model-based object tracking in monocular image sequences of road traffic scenes
International Journal of Computer Vision
Three-dimensional computer vision: a geometric viewpoint
Three-dimensional computer vision: a geometric viewpoint
A computational approach for corner and vertex detection
International Journal of Computer Vision
Model-based object pose in 25 lines of code
International Journal of Computer Vision - Special issue: image understanding research at the University of Maryland
Artificial Intelligence - Special volume on computer vision
Iterative pose estimation using coplanar feature points
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
Superior augmented reality registration by integrating landmark tracking and magnetic tracking
SIGGRAPH '96 Proceedings of the 23rd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Local Grayvalue Invariants for Image Retrieval
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Real-time vision-based camera tracking for augmented reality applications
VRST '97 Proceedings of the ACM symposium on Virtual reality software and technology
Pfinder: Real-Time Tracking of the Human Body
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Sequential Updating of Projective and Affine Structure from Motion
International Journal of Computer Vision
3D Pose Estimation by Directly Matching Polyhedral Models to Gray Value Gradients
International Journal of Computer Vision
Shape quantization and recognition with randomized trees
Neural Computation
Recognizing Facial Expressions in Image Sequences Using Local Parameterized Models of Image Motion
International Journal of Computer Vision
Tracking objects with a recognition algorithm
Pattern Recognition Letters
Efficient Region Tracking With Parametric Models of Geometry and Illumination
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
The visual analysis of human movement: a survey
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
Linear N-Point Camera Pose Determination
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
IWAR '98 Proceedings of the international workshop on Augmented reality : placing artificial objects in real scenes: placing artificial objects in real scenes
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
International Journal of Computer Vision
Optical Flow Constraints on Deformable Models with Applications to Face Tracking
International Journal of Computer Vision
A Flexible New Technique for Camera Calibration
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Multiple view geometry in computer vision
Multiple view geometry in computer vision
Robust Monte Carlo localization for mobile robots
Artificial Intelligence
Calibration and Orientation of Cameras in Computer Vision
Calibration and Orientation of Cameras in Computer Vision
Pose Estimation for Planar Structures
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
3-D Motion Estimation in Model-Based Facial Image Coding
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Shape and Nonrigid Motion Estimation Through Physics-Based Synthesis
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Finite-Element Methods for Active Contour Models and Balloons for 2-D and 3-D Images
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Recursive Estimation of Motion, Structure, and Focal Length
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Structure from Motion Causally Integrated Over Time
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Real-Time Visual Tracking of Complex Structures
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Hyperplane Approximation for Template Matching
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
A Smoothing Filter for CONDENSATION
ECCV '98 Proceedings of the 5th European Conference on Computer Vision-Volume I - Volume I
Automatic Camera Recovery for Closed or Open Image Sequences
ECCV '98 Proceedings of the 5th European Conference on Computer Vision-Volume I - Volume I
Multi-view Matching for Unordered Image Sets, or "How Do I Organize My Holiday Snaps?"
ECCV '02 Proceedings of the 7th European Conference on Computer Vision-Part I
An Affine Invariant Interest Point Detector
ECCV '02 Proceedings of the 7th European Conference on Computer Vision-Part I
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Practical parameterization of rotations using the exponential map
Journal of Graphics Tools
Matrix: A Realtime Object Identification and Registration Method for Augmented Reality
APCHI '98 Proceedings of the Third Asian Pacific Computer and Human Interaction
Shape Indexing Using Approximate Nearest-Neighbour Search in High-Dimensional Spaces
CVPR '97 Proceedings of the 1997 Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR '97)
A Four-step Camera Calibration Procedure with Implicit Image Correction
CVPR '97 Proceedings of the 1997 Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR '97)
Fusion of 2D Face Alignment and 3D Head Pose Estimation for Robust and Real-Time Performance
RATFG-RTS '99 Proceedings of the International Workshop on Recognition, Analysis, and Tracking of Faces and Gestures in Real-Time Systems
Motion Regularization for Model-Based Head Tracking
ICPR '96 Proceedings of the International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR '96) Volume III-Volume 7276 - Volume 7276
Adaptive tracking and model registration across distinct aspects
IROS '95 Proceedings of the International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems-Volume 1 - Volume 1
Object Recognition from Local Scale-Invariant Features
ICCV '99 Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Vision-Volume 2 - Volume 2
Marker-less Tracking for AR: A Learning-Based Approach
ISMAR '02 Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality
Online 6 DOF Augmented Reality Registration from Natural Features
ISMAR '02 Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality
ISMAR '02 Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality
Marker Tracking and HMD Calibration for a Video-Based Augmented Reality Conferencing System
IWAR '99 Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE and ACM International Workshop on Augmented Reality
An Introduction to the Kalman Filter
An Introduction to the Kalman Filter
ICCV '98 Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Computer Vision
A Two-Stage Robust Statistical Method for Temporal Registration from Features of Various Type
ICCV '98 Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Computer Vision
ICCV '98 Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Computer Vision
Real-Time Simultaneous Localisation and Mapping with a Single Camera
ICCV '03 Proceedings of the Ninth IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision - Volume 2
A real-time tracker for markerless augmented reality
ISMAR '03 Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality
Miniaturization, Calibration & Accuracy Evaluation of a Hybrid Self-Tracker
ISMAR '03 Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality
Robust Visual Tracking for Non-Instrumented Augmented Reality
ISMAR '03 Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality
First Steps Towards Handheld Augmented Reality
ISWC '03 Proceedings of the 7th IEEE International Symposium on Wearable Computers
Lucas-Kanade 20 Years On: A Unifying Framework
International Journal of Computer Vision
Distinctive Image Features from Scale-Invariant Keypoints
International Journal of Computer Vision
Stable Real-Time 3D Tracking Using Online and Offline Information
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Combining Edge and Texture Information for Real-Time Accurate 3D Camera Tracking
ISMAR '04 Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality
Scene Modelling, Recognition and Tracking with Invariant Image Features
ISMAR '04 Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality
Online Estimation of Trifocal Tensors for Augmenting Live Video
ISMAR '04 Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality
Video See-Through AR on Consumer Cell-Phones
ISMAR '04 Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality
Real-Time Non-Rigid Surface Detection
CVPR '05 Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR'05) - Volume 1 - Volume 01
Randomized Trees for Real-Time Keypoint Recognition
CVPR '05 Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR'05) - Volume 2 - Volume 02
A Comparison of Affine Region Detectors
International Journal of Computer Vision
Robust online appearance models for visual tracking
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Proceedings of the ACM symposium on Virtual reality software and technology
Three-Dimensional Shape Knowledge for Joint Image Segmentation and Pose Tracking
International Journal of Computer Vision
MonoSLAM: Real-Time Single Camera SLAM
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Fast Non-Rigid Surface Detection, Registration and Realistic Augmentation
International Journal of Computer Vision
WSEAS Transactions on Computers
Automatic contour model creation out of polygonal CAD models for markerless Augmented Reality
ISMAR '07 Proceedings of the 2007 6th IEEE and ACM International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality
Accelerating Template-Based Matching on the GPU for AR Applications
ISMAR '07 Proceedings of the 2007 6th IEEE and ACM International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality
IEICE - Transactions on Information and Systems
A Comparison of Iterative 2D-3D Pose Estimation Methods for Real-Time Applications
SCIA '09 Proceedings of the 16th Scandinavian Conference on Image Analysis
Robust Pose Estimation for Outdoor Mixed Reality with Sensor Fusion
UAHCI '09 Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction. Part III: Applications and Services
An Augmented Reality museum guide
ISMAR '08 Proceedings of the 7th IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality
Multiple 3D Object tracking for augmented reality
ISMAR '08 Proceedings of the 7th IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality
Efficient tracking and ego-motion recovery using gait analysis
Signal Processing
Mirror world navigation for mobile users based on augmented reality
MM '09 Proceedings of the 17th ACM international conference on Multimedia
Proceedings of the 16th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology
Learning and Recognition of 3D Visual Objects in Real-Time
AI '09 Proceedings of the 22nd Australasian Joint Conference on Advances in Artificial Intelligence
Effective and Efficient Tracking and Ego-Motion Recovery for Mobile Cameras
PReMI '09 Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Pattern Recognition and Machine Intelligence
Monocular 3-D tracking of inextensible deformable surfaces under L2-norm
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
Supporting structure from motion with a 3D-range-camera
SCIA'07 Proceedings of the 15th Scandinavian conference on Image analysis
Optimal dominant motion estimation using adaptive search of transformation space
Proceedings of the 29th DAGM conference on Pattern recognition
Convex optimization for nonrigid stereo reconstruction
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
Comparing Timoshenko beam to energy beam for fitting noisy data
ACCV'07 Proceedings of the 8th Asian conference on Computer vision - Volume Part I
Pedestrian tracking from a moving host using corner points
ISVC'07 Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Advances in visual computing - Volume Part II
Marker-less 3D feature tracking for mesh-based human motion capture
Proceedings of the 2nd conference on Human motion: understanding, modeling, capture and animation
Tracking objects with generic calibrated sensors: An algorithm based on color and 3D shape features
Robotics and Autonomous Systems
Drift-correcting template update strategy for precision feature point tracking
Image and Vision Computing
From rendering to tracking point-based 3D models
Image and Vision Computing
AffTrack: robust tracking of features in variable-zoom videos
ICIP'09 Proceedings of the 16th IEEE international conference on Image processing
A framework for unsupervised mesh based segmentation of moving objects
Multimedia Tools and Applications
Life-sketch: a framework for sketch-based modelling and animation of 3D objects
AUIC '10 Proceedings of the Eleventh Australasian Conference on User Interface - Volume 106
Multi-sensor fusion for interactive visual computing in mixed environment
Proceedings of the international conference on Multimedia
Visual affect recognition
Evaluation of pose hypotheses by image feature extraction for vehicle localization
ICAISC'10 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Artificial intelligence and soft computing: Part I
SIAM Journal on Imaging Sciences
Estimating scale using depth from focus for mobile augmented reality
Proceedings of the 3rd ACM SIGCHI symposium on Engineering interactive computing systems
A fast approach to deformable surface 3D tracking
Pattern Recognition
The MOPED framework: Object recognition and pose estimation for manipulation
International Journal of Robotics Research
3D markerless motion tracking in real-time using a single camera
IDEAL'11 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Intelligent data engineering and automated learning
A probabilistic framework for learning kinematic models of articulated objects
Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research
Tracking planes with large interframe displacement by fusing template and point based approaches
Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Virtual Reality Continuum and Its Applications in Industry
Shape-Driven 3d segmentation using spherical wavelets
MICCAI'06 Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention - Volume Part I
3D information extraction using Region-based Deformable Net for monocular robot navigation
Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation
An Algorithm for Finding Repeated Solutions to the General Perspective Three-Point Pose Problem
Journal of Mathematical Imaging and Vision
Feature harvesting for tracking-by-detection
ECCV'06 Proceedings of the 9th European conference on Computer Vision - Volume Part III
Fusing template and point information to track planes with large interframe displacement
MMM'12 Proceedings of the 18th international conference on Advances in Multimedia Modeling
Evolutionary purposive or behavioral vision for camera trajectory estimation
EvoApplications'12 Proceedings of the 2012t European conference on Applications of Evolutionary Computation
PWP3D: Real-Time Segmentation and Tracking of 3D Objects
International Journal of Computer Vision
Evolving a conspicuous point detector based on an artificial dorsal stream: SLAM system
Proceedings of the 14th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Markerless visual tracking for augmented books
JVRC'09 Proceedings of the 15th Joint virtual reality Eurographics conference on Virtual Environments
Image-Based tracking of the teeth for orthodontic augmented reality
MICCAI'12 Proceedings of the 15th international conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention - Volume Part II
FaceHugger: the ALIEN tracker applied to faces
ECCV'12 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Computer Vision - Volume Part III
iAR: an exploratory augmented reality system for mobile devices
Proceedings of the 18th ACM symposium on Virtual reality software and technology
3D object tracking with a high-resolution GPU based real-time stereo
Proceedings of the 27th Conference on Image and Vision Computing New Zealand
Top-down tracking and estimating 3d pose of a die
SSPR'12/SPR'12 Proceedings of the 2012 Joint IAPR international conference on Structural, Syntactic, and Statistical Pattern Recognition
Markerless tracking algorithm based on 3d model for augmented reality system
IScIDE'12 Proceedings of the third Sino-foreign-interchange conference on Intelligent Science and Intelligent Data Engineering
Augmented reality using a 3D motion capturing suit
Proceedings of the 4th Augmented Human International Conference
International Journal of Reconfigurable Computing - Special issue on Selected Papers from the 2011 International Conference on Reconfigurable Computing and FPGAs (ReConFig 2011)
Robust multi-hypothesis 3D object pose tracking
ICVS'13 Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Computer Vision Systems
Accurate constrained pose estimation for small objects
Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis
Efficient keyframe-based real-time camera tracking
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
Direct model based visual tracking and pose estimation using mutual information
Image and Vision Computing
Model-based H2 adaptive filter for 3D positioning and tracking systems
Automatica (Journal of IFAC)
Bootstrapping a robot's kinematic model
Robotics and Autonomous Systems
Fast vision-based scene modeling for augmented reality in unprepared man-made environments
Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Smart Environments - Design and Deployment of Intelligent Environments
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Many applications require tracking of complex 3D objects. These include visual servoing of robotic arms on specific target objects, Augmented Reality systems that require real-time registration of the object to be augmented, and head tracking systems that sophisticated interfaces can use. Computer Vision offers solutions that are cheap, practical and non-invasive.This survey reviews the different techniques and approaches that have been developed by industry and research. First, important mathematical tools are introduced: Camera representation, robust estimation and uncertainty estimation. Then a comprehensive study is given of the numerous approaches developed by the Augmented Reality and Robotics communities, beginning with those that are based on point or planar fiducial marks and moving on to those that avoid the need to engineer the environment by relying on natural features such as edges, texture or interest. Recent advances that avoid manual initialization and failures due to fast motion are also presented. The survery concludes with the different possible choices that should be made when implementing a 3D tracking system and a discussion of the future of vision-based 3D tracking.Because it encompasses many computer vision techniques from low-level vision to 3D geometry and includes a comprehensive study of the massive literature on the subject, this survey should be the handbook of the student, the researcher, or the engineer who wants to implement a 3D tracking system.