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GestureWrist and GesturePad: Unobtrusive Wearable Interaction Devices
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SideSight: multi-"touch" interaction around small devices
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WUW - wear Ur world: a wearable gestural interface
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HoverFlow: expanding the design space of around-device interaction
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Abracadabra: wireless, high-precision, and unpowered finger input for very small mobile devices
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Virtual shelves: interactions with orientation aware devices
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Skinput: appropriating the body as an input surface
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Enabling mobile microinteractions
Enabling mobile microinteractions
Data miming: inferring spatial object descriptions from human gesture
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Haptic target acquisition to enable spatial gestures in nonvisual displays
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Proceedings of the 25th Australian Computer-Human Interaction Conference: Augmentation, Application, Innovation, Collaboration
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International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Airwriting: a wearable handwriting recognition system
Personal and Ubiquitous Computing
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Screen-less wearable devices allow for the smallest form factor and thus the maximum mobility. However, current screen-less devices only support buttons and gestures. Pointing is not supported because users have nothing to point at. However, we challenge the notion that spatial interaction requires a screen and propose a method for bringing spatial interaction to screen-less devices. We present Imaginary Interfaces, screen-less devices that allow users to perform spatial interaction with empty hands and without visual feedback. Unlike projection-based solutions, such as Sixth Sense, all visual "feedback" takes place in the user's imagination. Users define the origin of an imaginary space by forming an L-shaped coordinate cross with their non-dominant hand. Users then point and draw with their dominant hand in the resulting space. With three user studies we investigate the question: To what extent can users interact spatially with a user interface that exists only in their imagination? Participants created simple drawings, annotated existing drawings, and pointed at locations described in imaginary space. Our findings suggest that users' visual short-term memory can, in part, replace the feedback conventionally displayed on a screen.