A survey of surgical simulation: applications, technology, and education

  • Authors:

  • Alan Liu;Frank Tendick;Kevin Cleary;Christoph Kaufmann

  • Affiliations:

  • The Surgical Simulation Laboratory, National Capital Area Medical, Simulation Center, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD;Department of Surgery, University of California-San Francisco;Imaging Science and Information Systems Center, Department of Radiology, Georgetown University Medical Center;The Surgical Simulation Laboratory, National Capital Area Medical, Simulation Center, Uniformed Services University

  • Venue:
  • Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
  • Year:
  • 2003

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Abstract

Surgical simulation for medical education is increasingly perceived as a valuable addition to traditional teaching methods. Simulators provide a structured learning experience, permitting practice without danger to patients, and simulators facilitate the teaching of rare or unusual cases. Simulators can also be used to provide an objective assessment of skills. This paper is a survey of current surgical simulator systems. The components of a simulator are described, current research directions are discussed, and key research questions are identified.