Socializing the intelligent tutor: bringing empathy to computer tutors
Learning Issues for Intelligent Tutoring Systems
Parallel distributed processing: explorations in the microstructure of cognition, vol. 1: foundations
Participating in explanatory dialogues: interpreting and responding to questions in context
Participating in explanatory dialogues: interpreting and responding to questions in context
Implementation of motivational tactics in tutoring systems
Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education
Affective computing
Knowledge Spaces
Third generation computer tutors: learn from or ignore human tutors?
CHI '99 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Cognitive Computer Tutors: Solving the Two-Sigma Problem
UM '01 Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on User Modeling 2001
The Architecture of Why2-Atlas: A Coach for Qualitative Physics Essay Writing
ITS '02 Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems
Andes: A Coached Problem Solving Environment for Physics
ITS '00 Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems
Human or Computer? AutoTutor in a Bystander Turing Test
ITS '02 Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems
Real-Time Inference of Complex Mental States from Facial Expressions and Head Gestures
CVPRW '04 Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshop (CVPRW'04) Volume 10 - Volume 10
Affective interactions: the computer in the affective loop
Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces
Utterance classification in AutoTutor
HLT-NAACL-EDUC '03 Proceedings of the HLT-NAACL 03 workshop on Building educational applications using natural language processing - Volume 2
AI Magazine - Special issue on achieving human-level AI through integrated systems and research
Educational data mining: A survey from 1995 to 2005
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
Intelligent Tutors for All: The Constraint-Based Approach
IEEE Intelligent Systems
Toward an Affect-Sensitive AutoTutor
IEEE Intelligent Systems
Gender-Specific Approaches to Developing Emotionally Intelligent Learning Companions
IEEE Intelligent Systems
The politeness effect: Pedagogical agents and learning outcomes
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Automatic detection of learner's affect from conversational cues
User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction
The relative impact of student affect on performance models in a spoken dialogue tutoring system
User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction
The Andes Physics Tutoring System: Lessons Learned
International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education
International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education
Toward Meta-cognitive Tutoring: A Model of Help Seeking with a Cognitive Tutor
International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education
Spoken Versus Typed Human and Computer Dialogue Tutoring
International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education
The Behavior of Tutoring Systems
International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education
A Survey of Affect Recognition Methods: Audio, Visual, and Spontaneous Expressions
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Automatic Detection of Learner's Affect From Gross Body Language
Applied Artificial Intelligence
Content Matters: An Investigation of Feedback Categories within an ITS
Proceedings of the 2007 conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education: Building Technology Rich Learning Contexts That Work
Emotions and Learning with AutoTutor
Proceedings of the 2007 conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education: Building Technology Rich Learning Contexts That Work
Empirically building and evaluating a probabilistic model of user affect
User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction
Responding to Learners' Cognitive-Affective States with Supportive and Shakeup Dialogues
Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction. Part III: Ubiquitous and Intelligent Interaction
ITSPOKE: an intelligent tutoring spoken dialogue system
HLT-NAACL--Demonstrations '04 Demonstration Papers at HLT-NAACL 2004
IAAI'08 Proceedings of the 20th national conference on Innovative applications of artificial intelligence - Volume 3
A generalization of Dijkstra's shortest path algorithm with applications to VLSI routing
Journal of Discrete Algorithms
Proceedings of the 2009 conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education: Building Learning Systems that Care: From Knowledge Representation to Affective Modelling
Inducing positive emotional state in Intelligent Tutoring Systems
Proceedings of the 2009 conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education: Building Learning Systems that Care: From Knowledge Representation to Affective Modelling
ARIES: An Intelligent Tutoring System Assisted by Conversational Agents
Proceedings of the 2009 conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education: Building Learning Systems that Care: From Knowledge Representation to Affective Modelling
Proceedings of the 2009 conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education: Building Learning Systems that Care: From Knowledge Representation to Affective Modelling
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction
Affective Computing: From Laughter to IEEE
IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing
Affect Detection: An Interdisciplinary Review of Models, Methods, and Their Applications
IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing
New Perspectives on Affect and Learning Technologies
New Perspectives on Affect and Learning Technologies
Generalization of a vision-based computational model of mind-reading
ACII'05 Proceedings of the First international conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction
Collaborative lecturing by human and computer tutors
ITS'10 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems - Volume Part II
A DIY pressure sensitive chair for intelligent tutoring systems
ITS'10 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems - Volume Part II
A time for emoting: when affect-sensitivity is and isn't effective at promoting deep learning
ITS'10 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems - Volume Part I
The impact of system feedback on learners' affective and physiological states
ITS'10 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems - Volume Part I
ITS'10 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems - Volume Part I
Building Intelligent Interactive Tutors: Student-centered strategies for revolutionizing e-learning
Building Intelligent Interactive Tutors: Student-centered strategies for revolutionizing e-learning
AutoTutor: an intelligent tutoring system with mixed-initiative dialogue
IEEE Transactions on Education
AutoTutor: A simulation of a human tutor
Cognitive Systems Research
Web-Based Learning: Theory, Research, and Practice
Web-Based Learning: Theory, Research, and Practice
3D animated agent for tutoring based on WebGL
Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on 3D Web Technology
A framework for usage-based document reengineering
Proceedings of the 2013 ACM symposium on Document engineering
Proceedings of the 2013 on Emotion recognition in the wild challenge and workshop
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We present AutoTutor and Affective AutoTutor as examples of innovative 21st century interactive intelligent systems that promote learning and engagement. AutoTutor is an intelligent tutoring system that helps students compose explanations of difficult concepts in Newtonian physics and enhances computer literacy and critical thinking by interacting with them in natural language with adaptive dialog moves similar to those of human tutors. AutoTutor constructs a cognitive model of students' knowledge levels by analyzing the text of their typed or spoken responses to its questions. The model is used to dynamically tailor the interaction toward individual students' zones of proximal development. Affective AutoTutor takes the individualized instruction and human-like interactivity to a new level by automatically detecting and responding to students' emotional states in addition to their cognitive states. Over 20 controlled experiments comparing AutoTutor with ecological and experimental controls such reading a textbook have consistently yielded learning improvements of approximately one letter grade after brief 30--60-minute interactions. Furthermore, Affective AutoTutor shows even more dramatic improvements in learning than the original AutoTutor system, particularly for struggling students with low domain knowledge. In addition to providing a detailed description of the implementation and evaluation of AutoTutor and Affective AutoTutor, we also discuss new and exciting technologies motivated by AutoTutor such as AutoTutor-Lite, Operation ARIES, GuruTutor, DeepTutor, MetaTutor, and AutoMentor. We conclude this article with our vision for future work on interactive and engaging intelligent tutoring systems.