Toward computational models of emotion
Selected and updated papers from the proceedings of the 1982 European conference on Progress in artificial intelligence
Probabilistic reasoning in intelligent systems: networks of plausible inference
Probabilistic reasoning in intelligent systems: networks of plausible inference
The role of emotion in believable agents
Communications of the ACM
Research problems in the use of a shallow artificial intelligence model of personality and emotion
AAAI '94 Proceedings of the twelfth national conference on Artificial intelligence (vol. 1)
Can computer personalities be human personalities?
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Silicon sycophants: the effects of computers that flatter
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Affective computing
Improvising linguistic style: social and affective bases for agent personality
AGENTS '97 Proceedings of the first international conference on Autonomous agents
Personality-rich believable agents that use language
AGENTS '97 Proceedings of the first international conference on Autonomous agents
Are computers scapegoats?: attributions of responsibility in human-computer interaction
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Speech Communication - Special issue on auditory-visual speech processing
Interpreting symptoms of cognitive load in speech input
UM '99 Proceedings of the seventh international conference on User modeling
Émile: Marshalling passions in training and education
AGENTS '00 Proceedings of the fourth international conference on Autonomous agents
Deictic and emotive communication in animated pedagogical agents
Embodied conversational agents
Emotion and personality in a conversational agent
Embodied conversational agents
The automated design of believable dialogues for animated presentation teams
Embodied conversational agents
Truth is beauty: researching embodied conversational agents
Embodied conversational agents
Affective appraisal versus cognitive evaluation
Affective interactions
Emotional meaning and expression in animated faces
Affective interactions
Affective natural language generation
Affective interactions
Tears and fears: modeling emotions and emotional behaviors in synthetic agents
Proceedings of the fifth international conference on Autonomous agents
Simulation of wrinkled surfaces
SIGGRAPH '78 Proceedings of the 5th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Machine Conversations
Embodied contextual agent in information delivering application
Proceedings of the first international joint conference on Autonomous agents and multiagent systems: part 2
Natural Language Processing and User Modeling: Synergies and Limitations
User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction
Personality Parameters and Programs
Creating Personalities for Synthetic Actors, Towards Autonomous Personality Agents
Emotion and sociable humanoid robots
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Application of affective computing in humanComputer interaction
The intonational structuring of discourse
ACL '86 Proceedings of the 24th annual meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
Eye communication in a conversational 3D synthetic agent
AI Communications
Lifelike pedagogical agents and affective computing: an exploratory synthesis
Artificial intelligence today
Influences and Embodied Conversational Agents
AAMAS '04 Proceedings of the Third International Joint Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems - Volume 3
Variations in gesturing and speech by GESTYLE
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Special issue: Subtle expressivity for characters and robots
Catch me if you can: exploring lying agents in social settings
Proceedings of the fourth international joint conference on Autonomous agents and multiagent systems
Evaluating a realistic agent in an advice-giving task
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Social situated agents in virtual, real and mixed reality environments
Lecture Notes in Computer Science
The significance of textures for affective interfaces
Lecture Notes in Computer Science
Affective affordances: Improving interface character engagement through interaction
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Human-computer interaction research in the managemant information systems discipline
HMM-based synthesis of emotional facial expressions during speech in synthetic talking heads
Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Multimodal interfaces
WARD: an exploratory study of an affective sociotechnical framework for addressing medical errors
Proceedings of the 44th annual Southeast regional conference
Realism is not all! User engagement with task-related interface characters
Interacting with Computers
Educational resources and implementation of a Greek sign language synthesis architecture
Computers & Education
Modeling and evaluating empathy in embodied companion agents
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Chaos and Graphics: Maxine: A platform for embodied animated agents
Computers and Graphics
Embodied Creative Agents: A Preliminary Social-Cognitive Framework
IVA '07 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
Explanatory Style for Socially Interactive Agents
ACII '07 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction
An Emotional Model for Synthetic Characters with Personality
ACII '07 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction
Affect and Emotion in Human-Computer Interaction
EmoVoice -- A Framework for Online Recognition of Emotions from Voice
PIT '08 Proceedings of the 4th IEEE tutorial and research workshop on Perception and Interactive Technologies for Speech-Based Systems: Perception in Multimodal Dialogue Systems
IDEAS4Games: Building Expressive Virtual Characters for Computer Games
IVA '08 Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
Enhancing Animated Agents in an Instrumented Poker Game
KI '08 Proceedings of the 31st annual German conference on Advances in Artificial Intelligence
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
Journal of Management Information Systems
A Socially-Aware Memory for Companion Agents
IVA '09 Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
Interleaved preparation and output in the COMIC fission module
Software '05 Proceedings of the Workshop on Software
Computers in Entertainment (CIE) - SPECIAL ISSUE: Games
Affective computing with primary and secondary emotions in a virtual human
Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems
Emotional dialogs with an embodied agent
UM'03 Proceedings of the 9th international conference on User modeling
Affective intelligence: the human face of AI
Artificial intelligence
Affective negotiation support systems
Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Smart Environments
How do you like intelligent virtual agents
Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Computer Systems and Technologies and Workshop for PhD Students in Computing on International Conference on Computer Systems and Technologies
ICAISC'10 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Artifical intelligence and soft computing: Part II
Warmth, competence, believability and virtual agents
IVA'10 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Intelligent virtual agents
Charisma: High-performance Web-based MPEG-compliant animation framework
Computers in Entertainment (CIE) - Special Issue: Advances in Computer Entertainment Technology
A logic for reasoning about counterfactual emotions
Artificial Intelligence
The application of MPEG-4 compliant animation to a modern games engine and animation framework
MIG'10 Proceedings of the Third international conference on Motion in games
Preface to the special issue on personalization for e-health
User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction
Emotion Modeling for Intelligent Agents - Towards a Unifying Framework
WI-IAT '11 Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conferences on Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent Technology - Volume 03
Intelligent expressions of emotions
ACII'05 Proceedings of the First international conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction
Gamble — a multiuser game with an embodied conversational agent
ICEC'05 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Entertainment Computing
A formal model of emotions for an empathic rational dialog agent
Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems
Synthesizing mood-affected signed messages: Modifications to the parametric synthesis
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Simulation of the emotion dynamics in a group of agents in an evacuation situation
PRIMA'10 Proceedings of the 13th international conference on Principles and Practice of Multi-Agent Systems
Vers des Agents Conversationnels Animés Socio-Affectifs
Proceedings of the 25ième conférence francophone on l'Interaction Homme-Machine
Towards the Development of A Virtual Counselor to Tackle Students' Exam Stress
Journal of Integrated Design & Process Science
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This paper describes the results of a research project aimed at implementing a 'realistic' 3D Embodied Agent that can be animated in real-time and is 'believable and expressive': that is, able to coherently communicate complex information through the combination and the tight synchronisation of verbal and nonverbal signals. We describe, in particular, how we 'animate' this Agent (that we called Greta) so as to enable her to manifest the affective states that are dynamically activated and de-activated in her mind during the dialog with the user. The system is made up of three tightly interrelated components: • A representation of the Agent Mind: this includes long and short-term affective components (personality and emotions) and simulates how emotions are triggered and decay over time according to the Agent's personality and to the context, and how several emotions may overlap. Dynamic belief networks with weighting of goals is the formalism we employ to this purpose. • A mark-up language to denote the communicative meanings that may be associated with dialog moves performed by the Agent. • A translation of the Agent's tagged move into a face expression, that combines appropriately the available channels (gaze direction, eyebrow shape, head direction and movement etc). The final output is a 3-D facial model that respects the MPEG-4 standard and uses MPEG- 4 Facial Animation Parameters to produce facial expressions. Throughout the paper, we illustrate the results obtained, with an example of dialog in the domain of 'Advice about eating disorders'. The paper concludes with an analysis of advantages of our cognitive model of emotion triggering and of the problems found in testing it. Although we did not yet complete a formal evaluation of our system, we briefly describe how we plan to assess the agent's believability in terms of consistency of its communicative behaviour.