Environment mapping and other applications of world projections
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Bidirectional reflection functions from surface bump maps
SIGGRAPH '87 Proceedings of the 14th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
A global illumination solution for general reflectance distributions
Proceedings of the 18th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Applications of irradiance tensors to the simulation of non-Lambertian phenomena
SIGGRAPH '95 Proceedings of the 22nd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Reflection space image based rendering
Proceedings of the 26th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Acquiring the reflectance field of a human face
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Texture and reflection in computer generated images
Communications of the ACM
A real-time procedural shading system for programmable graphics hardware
Proceedings of the 28th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Filtered Local Shading in the Wavelet Domain
Proceedings of the Eurographics Workshop on Rendering Techniques '97
Unified Approach to Prefiltered Environment Maps
Proceedings of the Eurographics Workshop on Rendering Techniques 2000
Orientation Lightmaps for Photon Tracing in Complex Environments
CGI '00 Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Graphics
A signal-processing framework for inverse rendering
Proceedings of the 28th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Proceedings of the 28th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Steerable illumination textures
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)
Lumo: illumination for cel animation
NPAR '02 Proceedings of the 2nd international symposium on Non-photorealistic animation and rendering
Frequency space environment map rendering
Proceedings of the 29th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Proceedings of the 29th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Fast, arbitrary BRDF shading for low-frequency lighting using spherical harmonics
EGRW '02 Proceedings of the 13th Eurographics workshop on Rendering
Shading for Fourier Volume Rendering
VVS '02 Proceedings of the 2002 IEEE symposium on Volume visualization and graphics
Lambertian Reflectance and Linear Subspaces
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
I3D '03 Proceedings of the 2003 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics
Estimation of Multiple Illuminants from a Single Image of Arbitrary Known Geometry
ECCV '02 Proceedings of the 7th European Conference on Computer Vision-Part III
Automatic shader level of detail
Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH/EUROGRAPHICS conference on Graphics hardware
All-frequency shadows using non-linear wavelet lighting approximation
ACM SIGGRAPH 2003 Papers
Clustered principal components for precomputed radiance transfer
ACM SIGGRAPH 2003 Papers
Structured importance sampling of environment maps
ACM SIGGRAPH 2003 Papers
Efficient illumination by high dynamic range images
EGRW '03 Proceedings of the 14th Eurographics workshop on Rendering
Interactive rendering of translucent deformable objects
EGRW '03 Proceedings of the 14th Eurographics workshop on Rendering
EGRW '03 Proceedings of the 14th Eurographics workshop on Rendering
Rapid shadow generation in real-world lighting environments
EGRW '03 Proceedings of the 14th Eurographics workshop on Rendering
Illumination Modeling and Normalization for Face Recognition
AMFG '03 Proceedings of the IEEE International Workshop on Analysis and Modeling of Faces and Gestures
Photorealistic rendering for augmented reality using environment illumination
ISMAR '03 Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality
Interactive Global Illumination in Dynamic Environments Using Commodity Graphics Hardware
PG '03 Proceedings of the 11th Pacific Conference on Computer Graphics and Applications
Simple blurry reflections with environment maps
Journal of Graphics Tools - Special on hardware-accelerated rendering techniques
A signal-processing framework for reflection
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)
Anisotropic Volume Rendering for Extremely Dense, Thin Line Data
VIS '04 Proceedings of the conference on Visualization '04
Acquiring Linear Subspaces for Face Recognition under Variable Lighting
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Fast and detailed approximate global illumination by irradiance decomposition
ACM SIGGRAPH 2005 Papers
A frequency analysis of light transport
ACM SIGGRAPH 2005 Papers
Local, deformable precomputed radiance transfer
ACM SIGGRAPH 2005 Papers
A CAVE system for interactive modeling of global illumination in car interior
Proceedings of the ACM symposium on Virtual reality software and technology
BRDF-Shop: Creating Physically Correct Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Functions
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
An Introductory Tour of Interactive Rendering
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Interactive Display of Isosurfaces with Global Illumination
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
Normal mapping for precomputed radiance transfer
I3D '06 Proceedings of the 2006 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics and games
All-frequency relighting of glossy objects
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)
Real-time soft shadows in dynamic scenes using spherical harmonic exponentiation
ACM SIGGRAPH 2006 Papers
ACM SIGGRAPH 2006 Courses
Shading in valve's source engine
ACM SIGGRAPH 2006 Courses
A fast translucency appearance model
SIGGRAPH '05 ACM SIGGRAPH 2005 Posters
Optimized photon tracing using spherical harmonic light maps
SIGGRAPH '05 ACM SIGGRAPH 2005 Sketches
Realistic materials in computer graphics
SIGGRAPH '05 ACM SIGGRAPH 2005 Courses
Enhancing X3D for advanced MR appliances
Proceedings of the twelfth international conference on 3D web technology
Illustrative rendering in Team Fortress 2
Proceedings of the 5th international symposium on Non-photorealistic animation and rendering
Real-time shading with filtered importance sampling
ACM SIGGRAPH 2007 sketches
A ray tracing solution for diffuse interreflection
ACM SIGGRAPH 2007 courses
Illustrative rendering in Team Fortress 2
ACM SIGGRAPH 2007 courses
Appearance Sampling of Real Objects for Variable Illumination
International Journal of Computer Vision
Consistent interactive augmentation of live camera images with correct near-field illumination
Proceedings of the 2007 ACM symposium on Virtual reality software and technology
Compact and efficient generation of radiance transfer for dynamically articulated characters
Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques in Australia and Southeast Asia
Eigentransport for efficient and accurate all-frequency relighting
Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques in Australia and Southeast Asia
Algorithms for spherical harmonic lighting
Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques in Australia and Southeast Asia
Face swapping: automatically replacing faces in photographs
ACM SIGGRAPH 2008 papers
Estimation of multiple directional illuminants from a single image
Image and Vision Computing
Precomputed radiance transfer for X3D based mixed reality applications
Web3D '08 Proceedings of the 13th international symposium on 3D web technology
Lighting and material of Halo 3
ACM SIGGRAPH 2008 Games
Using wavelets with current and future hardware
ACM SIGGRAPH 2008 Games
Digital Modeling of Material Appearance
Digital Modeling of Material Appearance
Interpreting Face Images by Fitting a Fast Illumination-Based 3D Active Appearance Model
MIRAGE '09 Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Computer Vision/Computer Graphics CollaborationTechniques
Precomputation-Based Rendering
Foundations and Trends® in Computer Graphics and Vision
ICIAR '09 Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Image Analysis and Recognition
Bimodal perception of audio-visual material properties for virtual environments
ACM Transactions on Applied Perception (TAP)
Efficient irradiance normal mapping
Proceedings of the 2010 ACM SIGGRAPH symposium on Interactive 3D Graphics and Games
PantaRay: fast ray-traced occlusion caching of massive scenes
ACM SIGGRAPH 2010 papers
Interactive hair rendering under environment lighting
ACM SIGGRAPH 2010 papers
Using irradiance environment map on GPU for real-time composition
PCM'07 Proceedings of the multimedia 8th Pacific Rim conference on Advances in multimedia information processing
Combining spherical harmonics and point-source illumination for efficient image-based relighting
ACM SIGGRAPH 2010 Posters
A Basis Illumination Approach to BRDF Measurement
International Journal of Computer Vision
Face image relighting using locally constrained global optimization
ECCV'10 Proceedings of the 11th European conference on Computer vision: Part IV
CVPR'04 Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE computer society conference on Computer vision and pattern recognition
Adaptive sampling for environment mapping
Proceedings of the 26th Spring Conference on Computer Graphics
Automatic face interpretation using fast 3D illumination-based AAM models
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
Eigen-harmonics faces: face recognition under generic lighting
FGR' 04 Proceedings of the Sixth IEEE international conference on Automatic face and gesture recognition
Face recognition under varying lighting conditions using self quotient image
FGR' 04 Proceedings of the Sixth IEEE international conference on Automatic face and gesture recognition
Microgeometry capture using an elastomeric sensor
ACM SIGGRAPH 2011 papers
HDR light probe sequence resampling for realtime incident light field rendering
Proceedings of the 25th Spring Conference on Computer Graphics
Real-time diffuse global illumination using radiance hints
Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH Symposium on High Performance Graphics
Effects of image segmentation for approximating object appearance under near lighting
ACCV'06 Proceedings of the 7th Asian conference on Computer Vision - Volume Part I
Physically-based real-time diffraction using spherical harmonics
ISVC'06 Proceedings of the Second international conference on Advances in Visual Computing - Volume Part I
Face reconstruction across different poses and arbitrary illumination conditions
AVBPA'05 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Audio- and Video-Based Biometric Person Authentication
Face recognition under varying lighting based on derivates of log image
SINOBIOMETRICS'04 Proceedings of the 5th Chinese conference on Advances in Biometric Person Authentication
Printing reflectance functions
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)
Technical section: Memory efficient light baking
Computers and Graphics
Compressive rendering of multidimensional scenes
Proceedings of the 2010 international conference on Video Processing and Computational Video
Coherent Spatiotemporal Filtering, Upsampling and Rendering of RGBZ Videos
Computer Graphics Forum
Crowd Light: Evaluating the Perceived Fidelity of Illuminated Dynamic Scenes
Computer Graphics Forum
Analytic Tangent Irradiance Environment Maps for Anisotropic Surfaces
Computer Graphics Forum
Pre-convolved Radiance Caching
Computer Graphics Forum
Real-time shading with filtered importance sampling
EGSR'08 Proceedings of the Nineteenth Eurographics conference on Rendering
Fast soft self-shadowing on dynamic height fields
EGSR'08 Proceedings of the Nineteenth Eurographics conference on Rendering
Hemispherical rasterization for self-shadowing of dynamic objects
EGSR'04 Proceedings of the Fifteenth Eurographics conference on Rendering Techniques
Smooth reconstruction and compact representation of reflectance functions for image-based relighting
EGSR'04 Proceedings of the Fifteenth Eurographics conference on Rendering Techniques
Progressively-refined reflectance functions from natural illumination
EGSR'04 Proceedings of the Fifteenth Eurographics conference on Rendering Techniques
Spherical harmonic gradients for mid-range illumination
EGSR'04 Proceedings of the Fifteenth Eurographics conference on Rendering Techniques
All-frequency relighting of non-diffuse objects using separable BRDF approximation
EGSR'04 Proceedings of the Fifteenth Eurographics conference on Rendering Techniques
EGSR'09 Proceedings of the Twentieth Eurographics conference on Rendering
Spherical Q2-tree for sampling dynamic environment sequences
EGSR'05 Proceedings of the Sixteenth Eurographics conference on Rendering Techniques
Estimation of 3D faces and illumination from single photographs using a bilinear illumination model
EGSR'05 Proceedings of the Sixteenth Eurographics conference on Rendering Techniques
Bidirectional importance sampling for direct illumination
EGSR'05 Proceedings of the Sixteenth Eurographics conference on Rendering Techniques
Exploiting temporal coherence for incremental all-frequency relighting
EGSR'06 Proceedings of the 17th Eurographics conference on Rendering Techniques
Efficient wavelet rotation for environment map rendering
EGSR'06 Proceedings of the 17th Eurographics conference on Rendering Techniques
Interactive particle visualization with advanced shading models using lazy evaluation
EG PGV'07 Proceedings of the 7th Eurographics conference on Parallel Graphics and Visualization
A training oriented driving simulator
ICEC'07 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Entertainment Computing
Filtering color mapped textures and surfaces
Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH Symposium on Interactive 3D Graphics and Games
Real-time kd-tree based importance sampling of environment maps
Proceedings of the 28th Spring Conference on Computer Graphics
Acquiring reflectance and shape from continuous spherical harmonic illumination
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG) - SIGGRAPH 2013 Conference Proceedings
Exposing photo manipulation with inconsistent shadows
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)
ACM SIGGRAPH 2013 Posters
Anisotropic spherical Gaussians
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)
Linear efficient antialiased displacement and reflectance mapping
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)
Dual space directional occlusion
The Visual Computer: International Journal of Computer Graphics
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We consider the rendering of diffuse objects under distant illumination, as specified by an environment map. Using an analytic expression for the irradiance in terms of spherical harmonic coefficients of the lighting, we show that one needs to compute and use only 9 coefficients, corresponding to the lowest-frequency modes of the illumination, in order to achieve average errors of only 1%. In other words, the irradiance is insensitive to high frequencies in the lighting, and is well approximated using only 9 parameters. In fact, we show that the irradiance can be procedurally represented simply as a quadratic polynomial in the cartesian components of the surface normal, and give explicit formulae. These observations lead to a simple and efficient procedural rendering algorithm amenable to hardware implementation, a prefiltering method up to three orders of magnitude faster than previous techniques, and new representations for lighting design and image-based rendering.