The dining cryptographers problem: unconditional sender and recipient untraceability
Journal of Cryptology
Untraceable electronic mail, return addresses, and digital pseudonyms
Communications of the ACM
SNDSS '96 Proceedings of the 1996 Symposium on Network and Distributed System Security (SNDSS '96)
PET'02 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Privacy enhancing technologies
Location Privacy in Pervasive Computing
IEEE Pervasive Computing
Repudiative information retrieval
Proceedings of the 2002 ACM workshop on Privacy in the Electronic Society
Privacy in electronic commerce and the economics of immediate gratification
EC '04 Proceedings of the 5th ACM conference on Electronic commerce
Covert channels and anonymizing networks
Proceedings of the 2003 ACM workshop on Privacy in the electronic society
The Security and Privacy of Smart Vehicles
IEEE Security and Privacy
Proceedings of the 11th ACM conference on Computer and communications security
AO2P: Ad Hoc On-Demand Position-Based Private Routing Protocol
IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing
A Framework for the Revocation of Unintended Digital Signatures Initiated by Malicious Terminals
IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing
Quantitative evaluation of unlinkable ID matching schemes
Proceedings of the 2005 ACM workshop on Privacy in the electronic society
Mobile traffic sensor network versus motion-MIX: tracing and protecting mobile wireless nodes
Proceedings of the 3rd ACM workshop on Security of ad hoc and sensor networks
Preserving Traffic Privacy in Wireless Mesh Networks
WOWMOM '06 Proceedings of the 2006 International Symposium on on World of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks
Towards a framework for connection anonymity
SAICSIT '05 Proceedings of the 2005 annual research conference of the South African institute of computer scientists and information technologists on IT research in developing countries
Anonymity and information hiding in multiagent systems
Journal of Computer Security
Traffic analysis-based unlinkability measure for IEEE 802.11b-based communication systems
WiSe '06 Proceedings of the 5th ACM workshop on Wireless security
Proceedings of the second ACM workshop on Digital identity management
Nonesuch: a mix network with sender unobservability
Proceedings of the 5th ACM workshop on Privacy in electronic society
Swing & swap: user-centric approaches towards maximizing location privacy
Proceedings of the 5th ACM workshop on Privacy in electronic society
Measuring relationship anonymity in mix networks
Proceedings of the 5th ACM workshop on Privacy in electronic society
Data Anonymity in the FOO Voting Scheme
Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science (ENTCS)
Theoretical Computer Science - Automated reasoning for security protocol analysis
Unconditionally secure ring authentication
ASIACCS '07 Proceedings of the 2nd ACM symposium on Information, computer and communications security
Cashmere: resilient anonymous routing
NSDI'05 Proceedings of the 2nd conference on Symposium on Networked Systems Design & Implementation - Volume 2
An Identity-Free and On-Demand Routing Scheme against Anonymity Threats in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing
Probabilistic analysis of onion routing in a black-box model
Proceedings of the 2007 ACM workshop on Privacy in electronic society
Does additional information always reduce anonymity?
Proceedings of the 2007 ACM workshop on Privacy in electronic society
Preserving privacy in gps traces via uncertainty-aware path cloaking
Proceedings of the 14th ACM conference on Computer and communications security
An Analysis Study on Zone-Based Anonymous Communication in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing
k-Unlinkability: A privacy protection model for distributed data
Data & Knowledge Engineering
Passive-Logging Attacks Against Anonymous Communications Systems
ACM Transactions on Information and System Security (TISSEC)
Location anonymity in continuous location-based services
Proceedings of the 15th annual ACM international symposium on Advances in geographic information systems
Anonymity analysis in credentials-based systems: A formal framework
Computer Standards & Interfaces
Anonymity protocols as noisy channels
Information and Computation
Building trust in peer-to-peer systems: a review
International Journal of Security and Networks
Distributed Verification of Mixing - Local Forking Proofs Model
ACISP '08 Proceedings of the 13th Australasian conference on Information Security and Privacy
Low-Latency Parallel Transport in Anonymous Peer-to-Peer Overlays
IPOM '08 Proceedings of the 8th IEEE international workshop on IP Operations and Management
On the Bayes risk in information-hiding protocols
Journal of Computer Security - 20th IEEE Computer Security Foundations Symposium (CSF)
Dependent link padding algorithms for low latency anonymity systems
Proceedings of the 15th ACM conference on Computer and communications security
Measuring unlinkability revisited
Proceedings of the 7th ACM workshop on Privacy in the electronic society
Revisiting a combinatorial approach toward measuring anonymity
Proceedings of the 7th ACM workshop on Privacy in the electronic society
A survey of state-of-the-art in anonymity metrics
Proceedings of the 1st ACM workshop on Network data anonymization
BitBlender: light-weight anonymity for BitTorrent
Proceedings of the workshop on Applications of private and anonymous communications
An HMM Approach to Anonymity Analysis of Continuous Mixes
Advanced Web and NetworkTechnologies, and Applications
TrustMAS: Trusted Communication Platform for Multi-Agent Systems
OTM '08 Proceedings of the OTM 2008 Confederated International Conferences, CoopIS, DOA, GADA, IS, and ODBASE 2008. Part II on On the Move to Meaningful Internet Systems
Proving a Shuffle Using Representations of the Symmetric Group
Information Security and Cryptology --- ICISC 2008
Quantifying maximal loss of anonymity in protocols
Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Information, Computer, and Communications Security
Bounds on the Leakage of the Input's Distribution in Information-Hiding Protocols
Trustworthy Global Computing
A Combinatorial Approach for an Anonymity Metric
ACISP '09 Proceedings of the 14th Australasian Conference on Information Security and Privacy
Verifying privacy-type properties of electronic voting protocols
Journal of Computer Security
PEON: privacy-enhanced opportunistic networks with applications in assistive environments
Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on PErvasive Technologies Related to Assistive Environments
Probabilistic and nondeterministic aspects of anonymity
Theoretical Computer Science
Compromising anonymous communication systems using blind source separation
ACM Transactions on Information and System Security (TISSEC)
Vida: How to Use Bayesian Inference to De-anonymize Persistent Communications
PETS '09 Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Privacy Enhancing Technologies
Using Linkability Information to Attack Mix-Based Anonymity Services
PETS '09 Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Privacy Enhancing Technologies
On the Optimal Placement of Mix Zones
PETS '09 Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Privacy Enhancing Technologies
Quantification of Anonymity for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science (ENTCS)
Evidence processing and privacy issues in evidence-based reputation systems
Computer Standards & Interfaces
On non-cooperative location privacy: a game-theoretic analysis
Proceedings of the 16th ACM conference on Computer and communications security
The bayesian traffic analysis of mix networks
Proceedings of the 16th ACM conference on Computer and communications security
A distortion-based metric for location privacy
Proceedings of the 8th ACM workshop on Privacy in the electronic society
A Parallelism-Based Approach to Network Anonymization
NordSec '09 Proceedings of the 14th Nordic Conference on Secure IT Systems: Identity and Privacy in the Internet Age
Source location anonymity for sensor networks
CCNC'09 Proceedings of the 6th IEEE Conference on Consumer Communications and Networking Conference
On an information theoretic approach to model anonymous MANET communications
ISIT'09 Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE international conference on Symposium on Information Theory - Volume 3
A location privacy metric for V2X communication systems
SARNOFF'09 Proceedings of the 32nd international conference on Sarnoff symposium
Wireless Location Privacy Protection in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks
Mobile Networks and Applications
A trusted method for self-profiling in e-commerce
AAMAS'02 Proceedings of the 2002 international conference on Trust, reputation, and security: theories and practice
Anonymity protocols as noisy channels
TGC'06 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Trustworthy global computing
A framework for automatically checking anonymity with µCRL
TGC'06 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Trustworthy global computing
Measuring anonymity with relative entropy
FAST'06 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Formal aspects in security and trust
GAS: overloading a file sharing network as an anonymizing system
IWSEC'07 Proceedings of the Security 2nd international conference on Advances in information and computer security
Attacking unlinkability: the importance of context
PET'07 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Privacy enhancing technologies
Anonymity in the wild: mixes on unstructured networks
PET'07 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Privacy enhancing technologies
On the effectiveness of changing pseudonyms to provide location privacy in VANETS
ESAS'07 Proceedings of the 4th European conference on Security and privacy in ad-hoc and sensor networks
A model of onion routing with provable anonymity
FC'07/USEC'07 Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Financial cryptography and 1st International conference on Usable Security
Compositional methods for information-hiding
FOSSACS'08/ETAPS'08 Proceedings of the Theory and practice of software, 11th international conference on Foundations of software science and computational structures
Formal approaches to information-hiding (Tutorial)
TGC'07 Proceedings of the 3rd conference on Trustworthy global computing
The wisdom of crowds: attacks and optimal constructions
ESORICS'09 Proceedings of the 14th European conference on Research in computer security
Measuring long-term location privacy in vehicular communication systems
Computer Communications
Increasing base-station anonymity in wireless sensor networks
Ad Hoc Networks
On the age of pseudonyms in mobile ad hoc networks
INFOCOM'10 Proceedings of the 29th conference on Information communications
Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Workshop on Cyber Security and Information Intelligence Research
Online anonymity protection in computer-mediated communication
IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security
Recruiting new tor relays with BRAIDS
Proceedings of the 17th ACM conference on Computer and communications security
Putting together QoS and security in autonomic pervasive systems
Proceedings of the 6th ACM workshop on QoS and security for wireless and mobile networks
Impact of network topology on anonymity and overhead in low-latency anonymity networks
PETS'10 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Privacy enhancing technologies
Drac: an architecture for anonymous low-volume communications
PETS'10 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Privacy enhancing technologies
How to share your favourite search results while preserving privacy and quality
PETS'10 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Privacy enhancing technologies
Trust in crowds: probabilistic behaviour in anonymity protocols
TGC'10 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Trustworthly global computing
Networking with secrecy constraints
MILCOM'06 Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE conference on Military communications
Chipping away at censorship firewalls with user-generated content
USENIX Security'10 Proceedings of the 19th USENIX conference on Security
Anonymity analysis of P2P anonymous communication systems
Computer Communications
Pool-based anonymous communication framework for high-performance computing
The Journal of Supercomputing
Tracking games in mobile networks
GameSec'10 Proceedings of the First international conference on Decision and game theory for security
Time warp: how time affects privacy in LBSs
ICICS'10 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Information and communications security
Relations among privacy notions
ACM Transactions on Information and System Security (TISSEC)
Modeling identity-related properties and their privacy strength
FAST'10 Proceedings of the 7th International conference on Formal aspects of security and trust
Information slicing: anonymity using unreliable overlays
NSDI'07 Proceedings of the 4th USENIX conference on Networked systems design & implementation
AOS: an anonymous overlay system for mobile ad hoc networks
Wireless Networks
Short paper: the NetSANI framework for analysis and fine-tuning of network trace sanitization
Proceedings of the fourth ACM conference on Wireless network security
Anonymity, Privacy, Onymity, and Identity: A Modal Logic Approach
Transactions on Data Privacy
Low-cost mitigation of privacy loss due to radiometric identification
VANET '11 Proceedings of the Eighth ACM international workshop on Vehicular inter-networking
An accurate system-wide anonymity metric for probabilistic attacks
PETS'11 Proceedings of the 11th international conference on Privacy enhancing technologies
A constraint satisfaction cryptanalysis of bloom filters in private record linkage
PETS'11 Proceedings of the 11th international conference on Privacy enhancing technologies
Formalization of entropy measures in HOL
ITP'11 Proceedings of the Second international conference on Interactive theorem proving
A practical complexity-theoretic analysis of mix systems
ESORICS'11 Proceedings of the 16th European conference on Research in computer security
Trust-based anonymous communication: adversary models and routing algorithms
Proceedings of the 18th ACM conference on Computer and communications security
Stealthy traffic analysis of low-latency anonymous communication using throughput fingerprinting
Proceedings of the 18th ACM conference on Computer and communications security
A Composite Privacy Leakage Indicator
Wireless Personal Communications: An International Journal
"Super nodes" in Tor: existence and security implication
Proceedings of the 27th Annual Computer Security Applications Conference
A three dimensional sender anonymity metric
International Journal of Security and Networks
Quantifying information leakage in tree-based hash protocols (short paper)
ICICS'06 Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Information and Communications Security
A framework for quantification of linkability within a privacy-enhancing identity management system
ETRICS'06 Proceedings of the 2006 international conference on Emerging Trends in Information and Communication Security
Statistical disclosure or intersection attacks on anonymity systems
IH'04 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Information Hiding
Reasoning about the anonymity provided by pool mixes that generate dummy traffic
IH'04 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Information Hiding
Limits to anonymity when using credentials
SP'04 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Security Protocols
Pseudonymity in the light of evidence-based trust
SP'04 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Security Protocols
Probable innocence in the presence of independent knowledge
FAST'09 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Formal Aspects in Security and Trust
Information Leaks in Structured Peer-to-Peer Anonymous Communication Systems
ACM Transactions on Information and System Security (TISSEC) - Special Issue on Computer and Communications Security
Measuring query privacy in location-based services
Proceedings of the second ACM conference on Data and Application Security and Privacy
The traffic analysis of continuous-time mixes
PET'04 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Privacy Enhancing Technologies
Synchronous batching: from cascades to free routes
PET'04 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Privacy Enhancing Technologies
Measuring anonymity in a non-adaptive, real-time system
PET'04 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Privacy Enhancing Technologies
On the PET workshop panel “mix cascades versus peer-to-peer: is one concept superior?”
PET'04 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Privacy Enhancing Technologies
Compulsion resistant anonymous communications
IH'05 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Information Hiding
On the anonymity of periodic location samples
SPC'05 Proceedings of the Second international conference on Security in Pervasive Computing
Local view attack on anonymous communication
ESORICS'05 Proceedings of the 10th European conference on Research in Computer Security
ICISC'04 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Information Security and Cryptology
FC'10 Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security
Improving sender anonymity in a structured overlay with imprecise routing
PET'06 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Privacy Enhancing Technologies
Optimal key-trees for tree-based private authentication
PET'06 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Privacy Enhancing Technologies
Preserving user location privacy in mobile data management infrastructures
PET'06 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Privacy Enhancing Technologies
Optimistic anonymous participation in inter-organizational workflow instances
ICISS'06 Proceedings of the Second international conference on Information Systems Security
Statistical measurement of information leakage
TACAS'10 Proceedings of the 16th international conference on Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems
An analysis of parallel mixing with attacker-controlled inputs
PET'05 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Privacy Enhancing Technologies
Towards modeling wireless location privacy
PET'05 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Privacy Enhancing Technologies
PET'05 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Privacy Enhancing Technologies
ANOSIP: anonymizing the SIP protocol
Proceedings of the First Workshop on Measurement, Privacy, and Mobility
Silent cascade: enhancing location privacy without communication QoS degradation
SPC'06 Proceedings of the Third international conference on Security in Pervasive Computing
Evaluating the privacy risk of location-based services
FC'11 Proceedings of the 15th international conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security
GUPT: privacy preserving data analysis made easy
SIGMOD '12 Proceedings of the 2012 ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data
An information-theoretic model of voting systems
Mathematical and Computer Modelling: An International Journal
Hiding the policy in cryptographic access control
STM'11 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Security and Trust Management
Understanding statistical disclosure: a least squares approach
PETS'12 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Privacy Enhancing Technologies
Probabilistic analysis of onion routing in a black-box model
ACM Transactions on Information and System Security (TISSEC)
Security and Communication Networks
Quantitative analysis of information flow using theorem proving
ICFEM'12 Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Formal Engineering Methods: formal methods and software engineering
The Anonymous Subgraph Problem
Computers and Operations Research
A formal approach for inspecting privacy and trust in advanced electronic services
ESSoS'13 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Engineering Secure Software and Systems
Formal analysis of privacy for routing protocols in mobile ad hoc networks
POST'13 Proceedings of the Second international conference on Principles of Security and Trust
A proactive routing protocol for wireless ad hoc networks assuring some privacy
Proceedings of the 2nd ACM workshop on Hot topics on wireless network security and privacy
Privacy preserving continuous multimedia streaming in MANETs
ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications (TOMCCAP)
Users get routed: traffic correlation on tor by realistic adversaries
Proceedings of the 2013 ACM SIGSAC conference on Computer & communications security
Addressing the concerns of the lacks family: quantification of kin genomic privacy
Proceedings of the 2013 ACM SIGSAC conference on Computer & communications security
Hang with your buddies to resist intersection attacks
Proceedings of the 2013 ACM SIGSAC conference on Computer & communications security
Protecting and evaluating genomic privacy in medical tests and personalized medicine
Proceedings of the 12th ACM workshop on Workshop on privacy in the electronic society
Protecting query privacy in location-based services
Geoinformatica
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In this paper we look closely at the popular metric of anonymity, the anonymity set, and point out a number of problems associated with it. We then propose an alternative information theoretic measure of anonymity which takes into account the probabilities of users sending and receiving the messages and show how to calculate it for a message in a standard mix-based anonymity system. We also use our metric to compare a pool mix to a traditional threshold mix, which was impossible using anonymity sets. We also show how the maximum route length restriction which exists in some fielded anonymity systems can lead to the attacker performing more powerful traffic analysis. Finally, we discuss open problems and future work on anonymity measurements.