Energy minimization using multiple supply voltages

  • Authors:
  • Jui-Ming Chang;Massoud Pedram

  • Affiliations:
  • Univ. of Southern California, Los Angeles;Univ. of Southern California, Los Angeles

  • Venue:
  • IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems - Special issue on low power electronics and design
  • Year:
  • 1997

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Abstract

We present a dynamic programming technique for solving the multiple supply voltage scheduling problem in both nonpipelined and functionally pipelined data-paths. The scheduling problem refers to the assignment of a supply voltage level (selected from a fixed and known number of voltage levels) to each operation in a data flow graph so as to minimize the average energy consumption for given computation time or throughput constraints or both. The energy model is accurate and accounts for the input pattern dependencies, re-convergent fanout induced dependencies, and the energy cost of level shifters. Experimental results show that using three supply voltage levels on a number of standard benchmarks, an average energy saving of 40.19% (with a computation time constraint of 1.5 times the critical path delay) can be obtained compared to using a single supply voltage level.