Texture and reflection in computer generated images
Communications of the ACM
Representations for space planning
Communications of the ACM
Structured Computer Vision; Machine Perception through Hierarchical Computation Structures
Structured Computer Vision; Machine Perception through Hierarchical Computation Structures
Texture tile considerations for raster graphics
SIGGRAPH '78 Proceedings of the 5th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Synthetic texturing using digital filters
SIGGRAPH '80 Proceedings of the 7th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Illumination for computer-generated images.
Illumination for computer-generated images.
The aliasing problem in computer-synthesized shaded images.
The aliasing problem in computer-synthesized shaded images.
Stochastic sampling in computer graphics
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)
Combining physical and visual simulation—creation of the planet Jupiter for the film “2010”
SIGGRAPH '86 Proceedings of the 13th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Filtering by repeated integration
SIGGRAPH '86 Proceedings of the 13th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
The Reyes image rendering architecture
SIGGRAPH '87 Proceedings of the 14th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Real-time manipulation of texture-mapped surfaces
SIGGRAPH '87 Proceedings of the 14th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Rectangular convolution for fast filtering of characters
SIGGRAPH '87 Proceedings of the 14th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Bidirectional reflection functions from surface bump maps
SIGGRAPH '87 Proceedings of the 14th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Rendering antialiased shadows with depth maps
SIGGRAPH '87 Proceedings of the 14th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Pixel-planes 5: a heterogeneous multiprocessor graphics system using processor-enhanced memories
SIGGRAPH '89 Proceedings of the 16th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Three dimensional Terrain modeling and display for environmental assessment
SIGGRAPH '89 Proceedings of the 16th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Gaze-directed volume rendering
I3D '90 Proceedings of the 1990 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics
A model for anisotropic reflection
SIGGRAPH '90 Proceedings of the 17th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
The rendering architecture of the DN10000VS
SIGGRAPH '90 Proceedings of the 17th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
An efficient method for volume rendering using perspective projection
VVS '90 Proceedings of the 1990 workshop on Volume visualization
A progressive multi-pass method for global illumination
Proceedings of the 18th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Hierarchical splatting: a progressive refinement algorithm for volume rendering
Proceedings of the 18th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Generating textures on arbitrary surfaces using reaction-diffusion
Proceedings of the 18th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
SIGGRAPH '92 Proceedings of the 19th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Fast algorithms for volume ray tracing
VVS '92 Proceedings of the 1992 workshop on Volume visualization
I3D '92 Proceedings of the 1992 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics
Pad: an alternative approach to the computer interface
SIGGRAPH '93 Proceedings of the 20th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
SIGGRAPH '93 Proceedings of the 20th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
A pyramid-based approach to interactive terrain visualization
PRS '93 Proceedings of the 1993 symposium on Parallel rendering
Error-bounded antialiased rendering of complex environments
SIGGRAPH '94 Proceedings of the 21st annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Reflection vector shading hardware
SIGGRAPH '94 Proceedings of the 21st annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
A multiresolution framework for volume rendering
VVS '94 Proceedings of the 1994 symposium on Volume visualization
Real-time programmable shading
I3D '95 Proceedings of the 1995 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics
Remote interactive visualization and analysis (RIVA) using parallel supercomputers
PRS '95 Proceedings of the IEEE symposium on Parallel rendering
QuickTime VR: an image-based approach to virtual environment navigation
SIGGRAPH '95 Proceedings of the 22nd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Live paint: painting with procedural multiscale textures
SIGGRAPH '95 Proceedings of the 22nd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
SIGGRAPH '95 Proceedings of the 22nd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Pyramid-based texture analysis/synthesis
SIGGRAPH '95 Proceedings of the 22nd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
SIGGRAPH '96 Proceedings of the 23rd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
SIGGRAPH '96 Proceedings of the 23rd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Rendering from compressed textures
SIGGRAPH '96 Proceedings of the 23rd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Time critical lumigraph rendering
Proceedings of the 1997 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics
Heresy: a virtual image-space 3D rasterization architecture
HWWS '97 Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH/EUROGRAPHICS workshop on Graphics hardware
Visibility culling using hierarchical occlusion maps
Proceedings of the 24th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Creating full view panoramic image mosaics and environment maps
Proceedings of the 24th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
InfiniteReality: a real-time graphics system
Proceedings of the 24th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Hardware accelerated rendering of antialiasing using a modified a-buffer algorithm
Proceedings of the 24th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
The design and analysis of a cache architecture for texture mapping
Proceedings of the 24th annual international symposium on Computer architecture
Highly scalable image coding for multimedia applications
MULTIMEDIA '97 Proceedings of the fifth ACM international conference on Multimedia
Texture mapping 3D models of real-world scenes
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
Multi-level texture caching for 3D graphics hardware
Proceedings of the 25th annual international symposium on Computer architecture
Appearance-preserving simplification
Proceedings of the 25th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Proceedings of the 25th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Proceedings of the 25th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics
Unsolved problems and opportunities for high-quality, high-performance 3D graphics on a PC platform
HWWS '98 Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH/EUROGRAPHICS workshop on Graphics hardware
Texture tile visibility determination for dynamic texture loading
HWWS '98 Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH/EUROGRAPHICS workshop on Graphics hardware
Neon: a single-chip 3D workstation graphics accelerator
HWWS '98 Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH/EUROGRAPHICS workshop on Graphics hardware
Prefetching in a texture cache architecture
HWWS '98 Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH/EUROGRAPHICS workshop on Graphics hardware
VVS '98 Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE symposium on Volume visualization
A general method for preserving attribute values on simplified meshes
Proceedings of the conference on Visualization '98
Real-time techniques for 3D flow visualization
Proceedings of the conference on Visualization '98
Interactive display of very large textures
Proceedings of the conference on Visualization '98
Realistic, hardware-accelerated shading and lighting
Proceedings of the 26th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Proceedings of the 26th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Feline: fast elliptical lines for anisotropic texture mapping
Proceedings of the 26th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
HWWS '99 Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH/EUROGRAPHICS workshop on Graphics hardware
Antialiased parameterized solid texturing simplified for consumer-level hardware implementation
HWWS '99 Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH/EUROGRAPHICS workshop on Graphics hardware
Multiresolution rendering with displacement mapping
HWWS '99 Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH/EUROGRAPHICS workshop on Graphics hardware
Adaptive hierarchical visibility in a tiled architecture
HWWS '99 Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH/EUROGRAPHICS workshop on Graphics hardware
International Journal of Computer Vision
Proceedings of the 27th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Proceedings of the 27th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Non-photorealistic virtual environments
Proceedings of the 27th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Adaptive view dependent tessellation of displacement maps
HWWS '00 Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH/EUROGRAPHICS workshop on Graphics hardware
Tracking graphics state for networked rendering
HWWS '00 Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH/EUROGRAPHICS workshop on Graphics hardware
Texture potential MIP mapping, a new high-quality texture antialiasing algorithm
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)
Texturing techniques for terrain visualization
Proceedings of the conference on Visualization '00
Simplification of surface annotations
Proceedings of the conference on Visualization '00
Uniform frequency images: adding geometry to images to produce space-efficient textures
Proceedings of the conference on Visualization '00
Real-world relativity: image-based special relativistic visualization
Proceedings of the conference on Visualization '00
Constant-time filtering with space-variant kernels
SIGGRAPH '88 Proceedings of the 15th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Using texture mapping with mipmapping to render a VLSI layout
Proceedings of the 38th annual Design Automation Conference
Proceedings of the 28th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Vertex-based anisotropic texturing
Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH/EUROGRAPHICS workshop on Graphics hardware
SPAF: sub-texel precision anisotropic filtering
Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH/EUROGRAPHICS workshop on Graphics hardware
Multiresolution view-dependent splat based volume rendering of large irregular data
PVG '01 Proceedings of the IEEE 2001 symposium on parallel and large-data visualization and graphics
Steerable illumination textures
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)
Meshed atlases for real-time procedural solid texturing
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)
Painting and rendering textures on unparameterized models
Proceedings of the 29th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Proceedings of the 29th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Resample hardware for 3D graphics
Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH/EUROGRAPHICS conference on Graphics hardware
Comparing Reyes and OpenGL on a stream architecture
Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH/EUROGRAPHICS conference on Graphics hardware
A tone mapping algorithm for high contrast images
EGRW '02 Proceedings of the 13th Eurographics workshop on Rendering
Remote access to large spatial databases
Proceedings of the 10th ACM international symposium on Advances in geographic information systems
Interactive 3D visualization of vector data in GIS
Proceedings of the 10th ACM international symposium on Advances in geographic information systems
Rendering of virtual environments based on polygonal & point-based models
VRST '02 Proceedings of the ACM symposium on Virtual reality software and technology
RIVA: A Versatile Parallel Rendering System for Interactive Scientific Visualization
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
A Real-Time Photo-Realistic Visual Flythrough
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
A Visibility Matching Tone Reproduction Operator for High Dynamic Range Scenes
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
Modeling, Animating, and Rendering Complex Scenes Using Volumetric Textures
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
MIP-Map Level Selection for Texture Mapping
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
Adaptive Projection Operators in Multiresolution Scientific Visualization
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
Adaptive Projection Operators in Multiresolution Scientific Visualization
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
Vision: Conformal Image Warping
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Multiresolution Textures from Image Sequences
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Interactive Space Deformation with Hardware-Assisted Rendering
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
On-the-Fly Texture Computation for Real-Time Surface Shading
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Texram: A Smart Memory for Texturing
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
The Generalized Detail-In-Context Problem
INFOVIS '98 Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE Symposium on Information Visualization
A hardware stochastic interpolator for raster displays
SIGGRAPH '84 Proceedings of the 11th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
SIGGRAPH '84 Proceedings of the 11th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Summed-area tables for texture mapping
SIGGRAPH '84 Proceedings of the 11th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
PG '99 Proceedings of the 7th Pacific Conference on Computer Graphics and Applications
Texture compression using low-frequency signal modulation
Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH/EUROGRAPHICS conference on Graphics hardware
Delay streams for graphics hardware
ACM SIGGRAPH 2003 Papers
Graphics for the masses: a hardware rasterization architecture for mobile phones
ACM SIGGRAPH 2003 Papers
Interactive visualization of large scalar voxel fields
VIS '92 Proceedings of the 3rd conference on Visualization '92
Antialiasing for bump maps and a fast normalization trick
Graphics programming methods
Real-time view morphing of video streams
ACM SIGGRAPH 2003 Sketches & Applications
Footprint Area Sampled Texturing
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
Camera-Sampling Field and Its Applications
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
Transforming 3D mesh surfaces into images by parameterization
Integrated image and graphics technologies
Compressed multisampling for efficient hardware edge antialiasing
GI '04 Proceedings of the 2004 Graphics Interface Conference
Geometry clipmaps: terrain rendering using nested regular grids
ACM SIGGRAPH 2004 Papers
Adaptive 4-8 Texture Hierarchies
VIS '04 Proceedings of the conference on Visualization '04
Real-time relief mapping on arbitrary polygonal surfaces
Proceedings of the 2005 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics and games
Level-of-detail representation of bidirectional texture functions for real-time rendering
Proceedings of the 2005 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics and games
Silhouette maps for improved texture magnification
Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH/EUROGRAPHICS conference on Graphics hardware
IEEE Micro
Real-Time Optimal Adaptation for Planetary Geometry and Texture: 4-8 Tile Hierarchies
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
High-performance architecture for anisotropic filtering
Journal of Systems Architecture: the EUROMICRO Journal
Relief mapping of non-height-field surface details
I3D '06 Proceedings of the 2006 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics and games
Real-time texture-mapped vector glyphs
I3D '06 Proceedings of the 2006 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics and games
I3D '06 Proceedings of the 2006 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics and games
Proceedings of the eleventh international conference on 3D web technology
Remote thin-client access to spatial database systems
dg.o '02 Proceedings of the 2002 annual national conference on Digital government research
Fast GPU ray tracing of dynamic meshes using geometry images
GI '06 Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2006
Cycle shading for the assessment and visualization of shape in one and two codimensions
GI '06 Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2006
A cost-effective VLSI architecture for anisotropic texture filtering in limited memory bandwidth
IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems
SIGGRAPH '05 ACM SIGGRAPH 2005 Courses
High Dynamic Range Imaging: Acquisition, Display, and Image-Based Lighting (The Morgan Kaufmann Series in Computer Graphics)
Real-time refraction through deformable objects
Proceedings of the 2007 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics and games
Adaptive solid texturing for web graphics
ACM SIGGRAPH 2002 conference abstracts and applications
Isocube: Exploiting the Cubemap Hardware
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
Frequency domain normal map filtering
ACM SIGGRAPH 2007 papers
High quality rendering using ray tracing and photon mapping
ACM SIGGRAPH 2007 courses
Distributed texture memory in a multi-GPU environment
GH '06 Proceedings of the 21st ACM SIGGRAPH/EUROGRAPHICS symposium on Graphics hardware
Image alignment and stitching: a tutorial
Foundations and Trends® in Computer Graphics and Vision
ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications (TOMCCAP)
Fractal-based hierarchical mip-pyramid texture compression
Machine Graphics & Vision International Journal
Texture management in view dependent application for large 3D terrain visualization
Proceedings of the 2008 Spring simulation multiconference
Advanced global illumination using photon mapping
ACM SIGGRAPH 2008 classes
High-Quality Multi-Mode Mipmapping Texture Compression with Alpha Map
PCM '08 Proceedings of the 9th Pacific Rim Conference on Multimedia: Advances in Multimedia Information Processing
Multiscale 3D reference visualization
Proceedings of the 2009 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics and games
Proceedings of the Conference on High Performance Graphics 2009
IJCAI'85 Proceedings of the 9th international joint conference on Artificial intelligence - Volume 2
High-quality mipmapping texture compression with alpha maps for graphics processing units
IEEE Transactions on Multimedia
Handling time delay of sensor data processing in a model based remote operation environment
RA '07 Proceedings of the 13th IASTED International Conference on Robotics and Applications
ACM SIGGRAPH ASIA 2009 Courses
Proceedings of the 2010 ACM SIGGRAPH symposium on Interactive 3D Graphics and Games
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)
Giga-stack: A method for visualizing giga-pixel layered imagery on massively tiled displays
Future Generation Computer Systems
Energy-driven statistical sampling: detecting software hotspots
PACS'02 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Power-aware computer systems
Automated billboard insertion in video
ACCV'07 Proceedings of the 8th Asian conference on Computer vision - Volume Part I
Towards real-time radiation therapy: GPU accelerated superposition/convolution
Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine
Optimizing continuity in multiscale imagery
ACM SIGGRAPH Asia 2010 papers
High quality elliptical texture filtering on GPU
I3D '11 Symposium on Interactive 3D Graphics and Games
Multi-resolution real-time stereo on commodity graphics hardware
CVPR'03 Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE computer society conference on Computer vision and pattern recognition
Image and video abstraction by multi-scale anisotropic Kuwahara filtering
Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics Symposium on Non-Photorealistic Animation and Rendering
Real-time selective scene transfer
CSCWD'04 Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work in Design I
MIOCARDIA: integrating cardiac function and muscular architecture for a better diagnosis
Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Applied Sciences in Biomedical and Communication Technologies
Simple and fast terrain rendering using graphics hardware
ICAT'06 Proceedings of the 16th international conference on Advances in Artificial Reality and Tele-Existence
Aggregate gaze visualization with real-time heatmaps
Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications
Looking behind bezels: french windows for wall displays
Proceedings of the International Working Conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces
State of the art in photon density estimation
ACM SIGGRAPH 2012 Courses
Parameterization-Aware MIP-Mapping
Computer Graphics Forum
Pre-convolved Radiance Caching
Computer Graphics Forum
Sparse PDF maps for non-linear multi-resolution image operations
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG) - Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH Asia 2012
Ptex: per-face texture mapping for production rendering
EGSR'08 Proceedings of the Nineteenth Eurographics conference on Rendering
Fast soft self-shadowing on dynamic height fields
EGSR'08 Proceedings of the Nineteenth Eurographics conference on Rendering
Variable bit rate GPU texture decompression
EGSR'11 Proceedings of the Twenty-second Eurographics conference on Rendering
An irradiance atlas for global illumination in complex production scenes
EGSR'04 Proceedings of the Fifteenth Eurographics conference on Rendering Techniques
EGSR'04 Proceedings of the Fifteenth Eurographics conference on Rendering Techniques
EGSR'09 Proceedings of the Twentieth Eurographics conference on Rendering
Multiresolution reflectance filtering
EGSR'05 Proceedings of the Sixteenth Eurographics conference on Rendering Techniques
Power efficiency for software algorithms running on graphics processors
EGGH-HPG'12 Proceedings of the Fourth ACM SIGGRAPH / Eurographics conference on High-Performance Graphics
Rendering inhomogeneous surfaces with radiosity
EGWR'99 Proceedings of the 10th Eurographics conference on Rendering
EGSR'07 Proceedings of the 18th Eurographics conference on Rendering Techniques
An efficient multi-view rasterization architecture
EGSR'06 Proceedings of the 17th Eurographics conference on Rendering Techniques
Real-time shader rendering for crowds in virtual heritage
VAST'05 Proceedings of the 6th International conference on Virtual Reality, Archaeology and Intelligent Cultural Heritage
Visualisation of highly textured surfaces
VAST'03 Proceedings of the 4th International conference on Virtual Reality, Archaeology and Intelligent Cultural Heritage
VG'01 Proceedings of the 2001 Eurographics conference on Volume Graphics
Accelerating voxel-based terrain rendering with keyframe-free image-based rendering
VG'01 Proceedings of the 2001 Eurographics conference on Volume Graphics
Effective browsing of long audio recordings
Proceedings of the 2nd ACM international workshop on Interactive multimedia on mobile and portable devices
Combining Z-buffer engines for higher-speed rendering
EGGH'88 Proceedings of the Third Eurographics conference on Advances in Computer Graphics Hardware
Hardware acceleration of texture mapping
EGGH'92 Proceedings of the Seventh Eurographics conference on Graphics Hardware
VHDL based design of graphics ASICs
EGGH'93 Proceedings of the Eighth Eurographics conference on Graphics Hardware
Integration of live video and computer graphics for video effect generation
EGGH'94 Proceedings of the Ninth Eurographics conference on Graphics Hardware
The pixelflow texture and image subsystem
EGGH'95 Proceedings of the Tenth Eurographics conference on Graphics Hardware
Single chip hardware support for rasterization and texture mapping
EGGH'95 Proceedings of the Tenth Eurographics conference on Graphics Hardware
Hardware for superior texture performance
EGGH'95 Proceedings of the Tenth Eurographics conference on Graphics Hardware
Objective and subjective evaluation of static 3D mesh compression
Image Communication
Local Interpolation-based Polar Format SAR: Algorithm, Hardware Implementation and Design Automation
Journal of Signal Processing Systems
Cardinality-constrained texture filtering
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG) - SIGGRAPH 2013 Conference Proceedings
Multi-resolution DT-MRI cardiac tractography
STACOM'12 Proceedings of the third international conference on Statistical Atlases and Computational Models of the Heart: imaging and modelling challenges
Analytic displacement mapping using hardware tessellation
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)
Efficient management of last-level caches in graphics processors for 3D scene rendering workloads
Proceedings of the 46th Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture
Technical Section: Solving aliasing from shading with selective shader supersampling
Computers and Graphics
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The mapping of images onto surfaces may substantially increase the realism and information content of computer-generated imagery. The projection of a flat source image onto a curved surface may involve sampling difficulties, however, which are compounded as the view of the surface changes. As the projected scale of the surface increases, interpolation between the original samples of the source image is necessary; as the scale is reduced, approximation of multiple samples in the source is required. Thus a constantly changing sampling window of view-dependent shape must traverse the source image. To reduce the computation implied by these requirements, a set of prefiltered source images may be created. This approach can be applied to particular advantage in animation, where a large number of frames using the same source image must be generated. This paper advances a “pyramidal parametric” prefiltering and sampling geometry which minimizes aliasing effects and assures continuity within and between target images. Although the mapping of texture onto surfaces is an excellent example of the process and provided the original motivation for its development, pyramidal parametric data structures admit of wider application. The aliasing of not only surface texture, but also highlights and even the surface representations themselves, may be minimized by pyramidal parametric means.