The complexity of propositional linear temporal logics
Journal of the ACM (JACM)
“Sometimes” and “not never” revisited: on branching versus linear time temporal logic
Journal of the ACM (JACM) - The MIT Press scientific computation series
Automatic verification of finite-state concurrent systems using temporal logic specifications
ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems (TOPLAS)
Graph-Based Algorithms for Boolean Function Manipulation
IEEE Transactions on Computers
Automata-Theoretic techniques for modal logics of programs
Journal of Computer and System Sciences
Current trends in concurrency. Overviews and tutorials
COSMOS: a compiled simulator for MOS circuits
DAC '87 Proceedings of the 24th ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference
Communications of the ACM
A computational logic handbook
A computational logic handbook
Parallel program design: a foundation
Parallel program design: a foundation
The notion of proof in hardware verification
Journal of Automated Reasoning
An overview of LP, the larch power
RTA-89 Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Rewriting Techniques and Applications
Computer architecture: a quantitative approach
Computer architecture: a quantitative approach
Microprocessor design verification
Journal of Automated Reasoning
Verification of synchronous sequential machines based on symbolic execution
Proceedings of the international workshop on Automatic verification methods for finite state systems
Analysis of discrete event coordination
REX workshop Proceedings on Stepwise refinement of distributed systems: models, formalisms, correctness
Foundation of compositional program refinement—safety properties
REX workshop Proceedings on Stepwise refinement of distributed systems: models, formalisms, correctness
CAAP '90 Proceedings of the fifteenth colloquium on CAAP'90
A methodology for hardware verification based on logic simulation
Journal of the ACM (JACM)
Correctness properties of the Viper block model: the second level
Current trends in hardware verification and automated theorem proving
Principles of automated theorem proving
Principles of automated theorem proving
The existence of refinement mappings
Theoretical Computer Science
Handbook of theoretical computer science (vol. B)
Handbook of theoretical computer science (vol. B)
Fairisle: an ATM network for the local area
SIGCOMM '91 Proceedings of the conference on Communications architecture & protocols
Verifying temporal properties of systems
Verifying temporal properties of systems
Efficient implementation of a BDD package
DAC '90 Proceedings of the 27th ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference
The temporal logic of reactive and concurrent systems
The temporal logic of reactive and concurrent systems
The Stanford Dash Multiprocessor
Computer
Symbolic Boolean manipulation with ordered binary-decision diagrams
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
Symbolic model checking: an approach to the state explosion problem
Symbolic model checking: an approach to the state explosion problem
Edge-valued binary decision diagrams for multi-level hierarchical verification
DAC '92 Proceedings of the 29th ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference
ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems (TOPLAS)
An introduction to assertional reasoning for concurrent systems
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
Spectral transforms for large boolean functions with applications to technology mapping
DAC '93 Proceedings of the 30th international Design Automation Conference
Reducing BDD size by exploiting functional dependencies
DAC '93 Proceedings of the 30th international Design Automation Conference
Linking BDD-based symbolic evaluation to interactive theorem-proving
DAC '93 Proceedings of the 30th international Design Automation Conference
The verification of cache coherence protocols
SPAA '93 Proceedings of the fifth annual ACM symposium on Parallel algorithms and architectures
Formal hardware verification methods: a survey
Formal Methods in System Design - Special issue on computer-aided verification: general methods
Structuring and automating hardware proofs in a higher-order theorem-proving environment
Formal Methods in System Design - Special issue on computer-aided verification: special methods II
Model checking and modular verification
ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems (TOPLAS)
Using transformations and verification in circuit design
Formal Methods in System Design - Special issue on designing correct circuits
Verifying the summit bus converter protocols with symbolic model checking
Formal Methods in System Design
Model checking and abstraction
ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems (TOPLAS)
Reasoning about infinite computations
Information and Computation
A methodology for formal hardware verification, with application to microprocessors
A methodology for formal hardware verification, with application to microprocessors
New techniques for efficient verification with implicitly conjoined BDDs
DAC '94 Proceedings of the 31st annual Design Automation Conference
Fitting formal methods into the design cycle
DAC '94 Proceedings of the 31st annual Design Automation Conference
Formally verifying a microprocessor using a simulation methodology
DAC '94 Proceedings of the 31st annual Design Automation Conference
FM8501: a verified microprocessor
FM8501: a verified microprocessor
Verity—a formal verification program for custom CMOS circuits
IBM Journal of Research and Development - Special issue: IBM CMOS technology
Formal Modeling and Verification of Microprocessors
IEEE Transactions on Computers
Formal verification by symbolic evaluation of partially-ordered trajectories
Formal Methods in System Design - Special issue on symbolic model checking
ATM concepts, architectures, and protocols
Communications of the ACM
Localized verification of modular designs
Formal Methods in System Design
Model checking in industrial hardware design
DAC '95 Proceedings of the 32nd annual ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference
Verification of arithmetic circuits with binary moment diagrams
DAC '95 Proceedings of the 32nd annual ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference
Efficient validity checking for processor verification
ICCAD '95 Proceedings of the 1995 IEEE/ACM international conference on Computer-aided design
The formal verification of a pipelined double-precision IEEE floating-point multiplier
ICCAD '95 Proceedings of the 1995 IEEE/ACM international conference on Computer-aided design
Who are the variables in your neighborhood
ICCAD '95 Proceedings of the 1995 IEEE/ACM international conference on Computer-aided design
High-density reachability analysis
ICCAD '95 Proceedings of the 1995 IEEE/ACM international conference on Computer-aided design
ICCAD '95 Proceedings of the 1995 IEEE/ACM international conference on Computer-aided design
Binary decision diagrams and beyond: enabling technologies for formal verification
ICCAD '95 Proceedings of the 1995 IEEE/ACM international conference on Computer-aided design
Formal Methods in System Design
Better verification through symmetry
Formal Methods in System Design - Special issue on symmetry in automatic verification
Techniques for verifying superscalar microprocessors
DAC '96 Proceedings of the 33rd annual Design Automation Conference
A scalable formal verification methodology for pipelined microprocessors
DAC '96 Proceedings of the 33rd annual Design Automation Conference
State reduction using reversible rules
DAC '96 Proceedings of the 33rd annual Design Automation Conference
Word level model checking—avoiding the Pentium FDIV error
DAC '96 Proceedings of the 33rd annual Design Automation Conference
Formal verification of PowerPC arrays using symbolic trajectory evaluation
DAC '96 Proceedings of the 33rd annual Design Automation Conference
RuleBase: an industry-oriented formal verification tool
DAC '96 Proceedings of the 33rd annual Design Automation Conference
Bit-level analysis of an SRT divider circuit
DAC '96 Proceedings of the 33rd annual Design Automation Conference
Integrating formal verification methods with a conventional project design flow
DAC '96 Proceedings of the 33rd annual Design Automation Conference
Dynamic variable ordering for ordered binary decision diagrams
ICCAD '93 Proceedings of the 1993 IEEE/ACM international conference on Computer-aided design
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering - Special issue on formal methods in software practice
Formal verification in a commercial setting
DAC '97 Proceedings of the 34th annual Design Automation Conference
Proving circuit correctness using formal comparison between expected and extracted behaviour
DAC '88 Proceedings of the 25th ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference
A Practical Decision Procedure for Arithmetic with Function Symbols
Journal of the ACM (JACM)
Deciding Combinations of Theories
Journal of the ACM (JACM)
Simplification by Cooperating Decision Procedures
ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems (TOPLAS)
Proving Liveness Properties of Concurrent Programs
ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems (TOPLAS)
Synthesis of Communicating Processes from Temporal Logic Specifications
ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems (TOPLAS)
The ``Hoare Logic'' of CSP, and All That
ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems (TOPLAS)
Communicating sequential processes
Communications of the ACM
An axiomatic basis for computer programming
Communications of the ACM
A Formal Approach to Hardware Design
A Formal Approach to Hardware Design
Digital Computer Arithmetic
Formal Semantics for VHDL
"Sometime" is sometimes "not never": on the temporal logic of programs
POPL '80 Proceedings of the 7th ACM SIGPLAN-SIGACT symposium on Principles of programming languages
Multiway Decision Graphs for Automated Hardware Verification
Formal Methods in System Design
Automatic Verification of Asynchronous Circuits
IEEE Design & Test
Formal Verification of a Pipelined Microprocessor
IEEE Software
Verification of a subtractive radix-2 square root algorithm and implementation
ICCD '95 Proceedings of the 1995 International Conference on Computer Design: VLSI in Computers and Processors
Protocol Verification as a Hardware Design Aid
ICCD '92 Proceedings of the 1991 IEEE International Conference on Computer Design on VLSI in Computer & Processors
Automatic Verification of Refinement
ICCS '94 Proceedings of the1994 IEEE International Conference on Computer Design: VLSI in Computer & Processors
Mechanized Verification of Circuit Descriptions Using the Larch Prover
Proceedings of the IFIP TC10/WG 10.2 International Conference on Theorem Provers in Circuit Design: Theory, Practice and Experience
Nuprl and Its Use in Circuit Design
Proceedings of the IFIP TC10/WG 10.2 International Conference on Theorem Provers in Circuit Design: Theory, Practice and Experience
Effective Theorem Proving for Hardware Verification
TPCD '94 Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Theorem Provers in Circuit Design - Theory, Practice and Experience
Mechanized Verification of Refinement
TPCD '94 Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Theorem Provers in Circuit Design - Theory, Practice and Experience
Verification of IEEE Compliant Subtractive Division Algorithms
FMCAD '96 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Formal Methods in Computer-Aided Design
ACL2 Theorems About Commercial Microprocessors
FMCAD '96 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Formal Methods in Computer-Aided Design
Validity Checking for Combinations of Theories with Equality
FMCAD '96 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Formal Methods in Computer-Aided Design
Formal Synthesis in Circuit Design - A Classification and Survey
FMCAD '96 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Formal Methods in Computer-Aided Design
FMCAD '96 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Formal Methods in Computer-Aided Design
Verification of All Circuits in a Floating-Point Unit Using Word-Level Model Checking
FMCAD '96 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Formal Methods in Computer-Aided Design
A Unified Approach for Combining Different Formalisms for Hardware Verification
FMCAD '96 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Formal Methods in Computer-Aided Design
A Formalisation of the VHDL Simulation Cycle
HOL'92 Proceedings of the IFIP TC10/WG10.2 Workshop on Higher Order Logic Theorem Proving and its Applications
HOL'92 Proceedings of the IFIP TC10/WG10.2 Workshop on Higher Order Logic Theorem Proving and its Applications
Implementing a Methodology for Formally Verifying RISC Processors in HOL
HUG '93 Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Higher Order Logic Theorem Proving and its Applications
Toward a Super Duper Hardware Tactic
HUG '93 Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Higher Order Logic Theorem Proving and its Applications
A HOL Decision Procedure for Elementary Real Algebra
HUG '93 Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Higher Order Logic Theorem Proving and its Applications
A Comparison of MDG and HOL for Hardware Verification
TPHOLs '96 Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Theorem Proving in Higher Order Logics
Verifying Distributed Directory-Based Cahce Coherence Protocols: S3.mp, a Case Study
Euro-Par '95 Proceedings of the First International Euro-Par Conference on Parallel Processing
Automatic verification of the SCI cache coherence protocol
CHARME '95 Proceedings of the IFIP WG 10.5 Advanced Research Working Conference on Correct Hardware Design and Verification Methods
Semantics of a verification-oriented subset of VHDL
CHARME '95 Proceedings of the IFIP WG 10.5 Advanced Research Working Conference on Correct Hardware Design and Verification Methods
Higher-Level Specification and Verification with BDDs
CAV '92 Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Computer Aided Verification
Mechanical Verification of Concurrent Systems with TLA
CAV '92 Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Computer Aided Verification
Verification of a Multiplier: 64 Bits and Beyond
CAV '93 Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Computer Aided Verification
A Decision Algorithm for Full Propositional Temporal Logic
CAV '93 Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Computer Aided Verification
An Automata-Theoretic Approach to Branching-Time Model Checking (Extended Abstract)
CAV '94 Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Computer Aided Verification
Composing Symbolic Trajectory Evaluation Results
CAV '94 Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Computer Aided Verification
The Completeness of a Hardware Inference System
CAV '94 Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Computer Aided Verification
Automatic verification of Pipelined Microprocessor Control
CAV '94 Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Computer Aided Verification
Another Look at LTL Model Checking
CAV '94 Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Computer Aided Verification
Using Formal Verification/Analysis Methods on the Critical Path in System Design: A Case Study
Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Computer Aided Verification
An Integration of Model Checking with Automated Proof Checking
Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Computer Aided Verification
Modular Verification of SRT Division
CAV '96 Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computer Aided Verification
The Murphi Verification System
CAV '96 Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computer Aided Verification
STeP: Deductive-Algorithmic Verification of Reactive and Real-Time Systems
CAV '96 Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computer Aided Verification
A Conjunctively Decomposed Boolean Representation for Symbolic Model Checking
CAV '96 Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computer Aided Verification
MDG Tools for the Verification of RTL Designs
CAV '96 Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computer Aided Verification
Verifying the SRT Division Algorithm Using Theorem Proving Techniques
CAV '96 Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computer Aided Verification
CAV '96 Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computer Aided Verification
PVS: Combining Specification, Proof Checking, and Model Checking
CAV '96 Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computer Aided Verification
Logics and Models of Real Time: A Survey
Proceedings of the Real-Time: Theory in Practice, REX Workshop
Verification of the Futurebus+ Cache Coherence Protocol
CHDL '93 Proceedings of the 11th IFIP WG10.2 International Conference sponsored by IFIP WG10.2 and in cooperation with IEEE COMPSOC on Computer Hardware Description Languages and their Applications
RRL: A Rewrite Rule Laboratory
Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Automated Deduction
PVS: A Prototype Verification System
CADE-11 Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Automated Deduction: Automated Deduction
On Shostak's Decision Procedure for Combinations of Theories
CADE-13 Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Automated Deduction: Automated Deduction
A Correctness Model for Pipelined Multiprocessors
TPCD '94 Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Theorem Provers in Circuit Design - Theory, Practice and Experience
Floating Point Verification in HOL
Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Higher Order Logic Theorem Proving and Its Applications
BDD-Based Debugging Of Design Using Language Containment and Fair CTL
CAV '93 Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Computer Aided Verification
Formal Verification of Combinational Circuit
VLSID '97 Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on VLSI Design: VLSI in Multimedia Applications
WIFT '95 Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Industrial-Strength Formal Specification Techniques
Formal verification of a PowerPC microprocessor
ICCD '95 Proceedings of the 1995 International Conference on Computer Design: VLSI in Computers and Processors
Formal Verification of an ATM Switch Fabric using Multiway Decision Graphs
GLSVLSI '96 Proceedings of the 6th Great Lakes Symposium on VLSI
STeP: The Stanford Temporal Prover
STeP: The Stanford Temporal Prover
Edge-Streett/ Edge-Rabin Automata Environment for
Edge-Streett/ Edge-Rabin Automata Environment for
VOSS - A Formal Hardware Verification System User''s Guide
VOSS - A Formal Hardware Verification System User''s Guide
Compositional model checking of partially ordered state spaces
Compositional model checking of partially ordered state spaces
Improving hardware designs whilst simplifying their proof
DCC'96 Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Designing Correct Circuits
A simple theorem prover based on symbolic trajectory evaluation and BDD's
IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems
Practical approaches to the verification of a telecom megacell using FormalCheck
GLSVLSI '01 Proceedings of the 11th Great Lakes symposium on VLSI
Verification of embedded systems using a petri net based representation
ISSS '00 Proceedings of the 13th international symposium on System synthesis
Sequential Equivalence Checking by Symbolic Simulation
FMCAD '00 Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Formal Methods in Computer-Aided Design
Formal Verification of a SONET Telecom System Block
ICFEM '02 Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Formal Engineering Methods: Formal Methods and Software Engineering
Enabling Hardware Verification through Design Changes
ICFEM '02 Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Formal Engineering Methods: Formal Methods and Software Engineering
Language emptiness checking using MDGs
Proceedings of the 13th ACM Great Lakes symposium on VLSI
Symbolic model checking of Dual Transition Petri Nets
Proceedings of the tenth international symposium on Hardware/software codesign
A Constructive Approach to Hardware/Software Partitioning
Formal Methods in System Design
Modeling and formal verification of embedded systems based on a Petri net representation
Journal of Systems Architecture: the EUROMICRO Journal - Special issue: Synthesis and verification
A Probabilistic Method for the Computation of Testability of RTL Constructs
Proceedings of the conference on Design, automation and test in Europe - Volume 1
Application of Wu's method to symbolic model checking
Proceedings of the 2005 international symposium on Symbolic and algebraic computation
ACM SIGDA Newsletter
Formal verification of control software: a case study
IEA/AIE'2005 Proceedings of the 18th international conference on Innovations in Applied Artificial Intelligence
Transaction-based waveform analysis for IP selection
ASP-DAC '03 Proceedings of the 2003 Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference
Complementary use of runtime validation and model checking
ICCAD '05 Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE/ACM International conference on Computer-aided design
Dual Flow Nets: Modeling the control/data-flow relation in embedded systems
ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems (TECS)
Provably faithful evaluation of polynomials
Proceedings of the 2006 ACM symposium on Applied computing
IEEE Transactions on Computers
Verification method of dataflow algorithms in high-level synthesis
Journal of Systems and Software
A Generic Model for Formally Verifying NoC Communication Architectures: A Case Study
NOCS '07 Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Networks-on-Chip
Functional verification of task partitioning for multiprocessor embedded systems
ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems (TODAES)
Formal verification of ASMs using MDGs
Journal of Systems Architecture: the EUROMICRO Journal
Towards Component-Based Design and Verification of a μ-Controller
CBSE '08 Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Component-Based Software Engineering
Enhancing bug hunting using high-level symbolic simulation
Proceedings of the 19th ACM Great Lakes symposium on VLSI
Issues in Tool Qualification for Safety-Critical Hardware: What Formal Approaches Can and Cannot Do
SAFECOMP '09 Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Computer Safety, Reliability, and Security
Generation of executable test cases based on behavioral UML system models
Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Automation of Software Test
Formal analysis of design process dynamics
Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing
Design verification in model-based μ-controller development using an abstract component
Software and Systems Modeling (SoSyM)
Safe learning with real-time constraints: a case study
IEA/AIE'10 Proceedings of the 23rd international conference on Industrial engineering and other applications of applied intelligent systems - Volume Part I
A hoare calculus for the verification of synchronous languages
PLPV '12 Proceedings of the sixth workshop on Programming languages meets program verification
Formal verification of a ubiquitous hardware component
ICESS'04 Proceedings of the First international conference on Embedded Software and Systems
Position paper: Sapper -- a language for provable hardware policy enforcement
Proceedings of the Eighth ACM SIGPLAN workshop on Programming languages and analysis for security
Specification and Verification of Concurrent Programs Through Refinements
Journal of Automated Reasoning
Formal Verification of Analog and Mixed Signal Designs Using SPICE Circuit Simulation Traces
Journal of Electronic Testing: Theory and Applications
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In recent years, formal methods have emerged as an alternative approach to ensuring the quality and correctness of hardware designs, overcoming some of the limitations of traditional validation techniques such as simulation and testing.There are two main aspects to the application of formal methods in a design process: the formal framework used to specify desired properties of a design and the verification techniques and tools used to reason about the relationship between a specification and a corresponding implementation. We survey a variety of frameworks and techniques proposed in the literature and applied to actual designs. The specification frameworks we describe include temporal logics, predicate logic, abstraction and refinement, as well as containment between &ohgr;-regular languages. The verification techniques presented include model checking, automata-theoretic techniques, automated theorem proving, and approaches that integrate the above methods.In order to provide insight into the scope and limitations of currently available techniques, we present a selection of case studies where formal methods were applied to industrial-scale designs, such as microprocessors, floating-point hardware, protocols, memory subsystems, and communications hardware.